{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,10]],"date-time":"2026-07-10T13:25:28Z","timestamp":1783689928822,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,28]],"date-time":"2024-06-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1719532800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000289","name":"Cancer Research UK","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["C5255\/A15935"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["C5255\/A15935"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000289","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000289","name":"Cancer Research UK","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["C5255\/A1646"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["C5255\/A1646"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000289","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"CR-UK &amp; EPSRC Oxford Cancer Imaging Center","award":["C5255\/A15935"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["C5255\/A15935"]}]},{"name":"CR-UK &amp; EPSRC Oxford Cancer Imaging Center","award":["C5255\/A1646"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["C5255\/A1646"]}]},{"name":"CR-UK &amp; EPSRC Oxford Cancer Imaging Centre Studentship","award":["C5255\/A15935"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["C5255\/A15935"]}]},{"name":"CR-UK &amp; EPSRC Oxford Cancer Imaging Centre Studentship","award":["C5255\/A1646"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["C5255\/A1646"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Current clinical diagnostic imaging methods for lung metastases are sensitive only to large tumours (1\u20132 mm cross-sectional diameter), and early detection can dramatically improve treatment. We have previously demonstrated that an antibody-targeted MRI contrast agent based on microparticles of iron oxide (MPIO; 1 \u03bcm diameter) enables the imaging of endothelial vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1). Using a mouse model of lung metastasis, upregulation of endothelial VCAM-1 expression was demonstrated in micrometastasis-associated vessels but not in normal lung tissue, and binding of VCAM-MPIO to these vessels was evident histologically. Owing to the lack of proton MRI signals in the lungs, we modified the VCAM-MPIO to include zirconium-89 (89Zr, t1\/2 = 78.4 h) in order to allow the in vivo detection of lung metastases by positron emission tomography (PET). Using this new agent (89Zr-DFO-VCAM-MPIO), it was possible to detect the presence of micrometastases within the lung in vivo from ca. 140 \u03bcm in diameter. Histological analysis combined with autoradiography confirmed the specific binding of the agent to the VCAM-1 expressing vasculature at the sites of pulmonary micrometastases. By retaining the original VCAM-MPIO as the basis for this new molecular contrast agent, we have created a dual-modality (PET\/MRI) agent for the concurrent detection of lung and brain micrometastases.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25137160","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,2]],"date-time":"2024-07-02T12:58:42Z","timestamp":1719925122000},"page":"7160","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["In Vivo PET Detection of Lung Micrometastasis in Mice by Targeting Endothelial VCAM-1 Using a Dual-Contrast PET\/MRI Probe"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3941-8784","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stavros","family":"Melemenidis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford School of Medicine, Cancer Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2952-5359","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"James C.","family":"Knight","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Veerle","family":"Kersemans","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Nuclear Medicine Imaging, Siemens Healthineers, 2595 BN The Hague, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francisco","family":"Perez-Balderas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CureVac, AG. Paul-Ehrlich-Str. 15, 72076 Tubingen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Niloufar","family":"Zarghami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manuel Sarmiento","family":"Soto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Seville, 41004 Seville, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bart","family":"Cornelissen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruth J.","family":"Muschel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1211-2766","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicola R.","family":"Sibson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2011.09.024","article-title":"Tumor Metastasis: Molecular Insights and Evolving Paradigms","volume":"147","author":"Valastyan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1038\/nrc1670","article-title":"Breast Cancer Metastasis: Markers and Models","volume":"5","author":"Weigelt","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nat. 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