{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T04:49:01Z","timestamp":1787028541076,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,29]],"date-time":"2024-06-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1719619200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Two cases of complicated pain exist: posterior screw fixation and myofascial pain. Intramuscular pulsed radiofrequency (PRF) may be an alternative treatment for such patients. This is a two-stage animal study. In the first stage, two muscle groups and two nerve groups were subdivided into a high-temperature group with PRF at 58 \u00b0C and a regular temperature with PRF at 42 \u00b0C in rats. In the second stage, two nerve injury groups were subdivided into nerve injury with PRF 42 \u00b0C on the sciatic nerve and muscle. Blood and spinal cord samples were collected. In the first stage, the immunohistochemical analysis showed that PRF upregulated brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in the spinal cord in both groups of rats. In the second stage, the immunohistochemical analysis showed significant BDNF and tropomyosin receptor kinase B (TrkB) expression within the spinal cord after PRF in muscles and nerves after nerve injury. The blood biomarkers showed a significant increase in BDNF levels. PRF in the muscle in rats could upregulate BDNF-TrkB in the spinal cord, similar to PRF on the sciatica nerve for pain relief in rats. PRF could be considered clinically for patients with complicated pain and this study also demonstrated the role of BDNF in pain modulation. The optimal temperature for PRF was 42 \u00b0C.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25137199","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,2]],"date-time":"2024-07-02T12:58:42Z","timestamp":1719925122000},"page":"7199","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Intramuscular Pulsed Radiofrequency Upregulates BNDF-TrKB Expression in the Spinal Cord in Rats as an Alternative Treatment for Complicated Pain"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Cheng-Loong","family":"Liang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, E-Da Hospital, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung City 82445, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cheng-Yo","family":"Yen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopedic, E-Da Hospital, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung City 82445, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hao-Kuang","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, E-Da Hospital, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung City 82445, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yu-Duan","family":"Tsai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, E-Da Hospital, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung City 82445, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cien-Leong","family":"Chye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, E-Da Hospital, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung City 82445, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kuo-Wei","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, E-Da Cancer Hospital, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung City 824005, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1533-2500.2002.02036.x","article-title":"Application of radiofrequency treatment in practical pain management: State of the art","volume":"2","author":"Raj","year":"2002","journal-title":"Pain Pract."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"396","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1526-4637.2006.00210.x","article-title":"Pulsed radiofrequency","volume":"7","author":"Bogduk","year":"2006","journal-title":"Pain Med."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S123","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0b013e31826d60d8","article-title":"Predicting the risk of adjacent segment pathology after lumbar fusion: A systematic review","volume":"37","author":"Lawrence","year":"2012","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.1111\/pme.12012","article-title":"Zygapophysial joint pain in post lumbar surgery syndrome. 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