{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,15]],"date-time":"2026-07-15T18:48:21Z","timestamp":1784141301232,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,2]],"date-time":"2024-07-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1719878400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Science and Technology Research Project of the Education Department of Jilin, China","award":["JJKH20240471KJ"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JJKH20240471KJ"]}]},{"name":"National College Students Innovation and Entrepreneurship Project","award":["JJKH20240471KJ"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JJKH20240471KJ"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>As a widely distributed plant in Northeast China, Carex meyeriana Kunth (CMK) is generally considered to have antibacterial properties; however, there is a lack of scientific evidence for this. Therefore, we investigated the chemical composition of CMK extract and its effect against C. albicans. A total of 105 compounds were identified in the alcohol extracts of CMK by UPLC-Q-TOF-MS. Most were flavonoids, with Luteolin being the most represented. Among them, 19 compounds are found in the C. albicans lysates. After treatment with CMK ethanol extract, a significant reduction in the number of C. albicans colonies was observed in a vaginal douche solution from day 5 (p &lt; 0.05). Furthermore, the CMK extract can reduce the number of C. albicans spores. The levels of IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, IL-1\u03b2, and TNF-\u03b1 in vaginal tissues all exhibited a significant decrease (p &lt; 0.05) compared to those in the model group as determined by ELISA. The results of HE staining showed that CMK extract can eliminate vaginal mucosa inflammation. CMK adjusts the vaginal mucosa cells by targeting twenty-six different metabolites and five specific metabolic pathways in order to effectively eliminate inflammation. Simultaneously, the CMK regulates twenty-three types of metabolites and six metabolic pathways against C.\u00a0albicans infection. So, CMK strongly inhibits the growth of C. albicans and significantly reduces vaginal inflammation, making it a promising candidate for treating C. albicans infection.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25137288","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,2]],"date-time":"2024-07-02T12:58:42Z","timestamp":1719925122000},"page":"7288","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Carex meyeriana Kunth Extract Is a Novel Natural Drug against Candida albicans"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Panpan","family":"Du","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life Sciences, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bingyan","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life Sciences, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xueting","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life Sciences, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhong","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shu","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2946-789X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Songlei","family":"Guan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life Sciences, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zong","family":"Hou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101029","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nmni.2022.101029","article-title":"Candida albicans virulence genes SAP1 and SAP6 associated with vaginitis among pregnant women attending a Nigerian tertiary hospital","volume":"49\u201350","author":"Sobajo","year":"2022","journal-title":"New Microbes New Infect."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"903","article-title":"Study on the efficacy of rehabilitation new fluid against Candida vaginitis","volume":"21","author":"Yang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mod. Chin. Med. China"},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"1953","article-title":"In vitro antagonism of C. albicans","volume":"17","author":"Ji","year":"2015","journal-title":"World Sci. Technol.-Mod. Tradit. Chin. Med."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2018.01.008","article-title":"Proanthocyanidin polymeric tannins from Stryphnodendron adstringens are effective against Candida spp. isolates and for vaginal candidiasis treatment","volume":"216","author":"Kaplum","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"7232","article-title":"To explore the scientific connotation of traditional Chinese medicine based on \u201cdrug-ingredients-target\u201d","volume":"54","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Chin. Herb. Med."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31060","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-022-24223-x","article-title":"Adsorption of chloramphenicol from water using Carex meyeriana Kunth-derived hierarchical porous carbon with open channel arrays","volume":"30","author":"Qi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"Su, T. (2021). Study on the Antibacterial Active Substances and the Mechanism of Action, Changchun University of Traditional Chinese Medicine."},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"Wang, H. (2020). Analysis of the Chemical Composition of Flavonoids and Its Antioxidant and Antibacterial Activity, Jilin University of Chemical Technology."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101473","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mycmed.2024.101473","article-title":"Itraconazole in human medicine and veterinary practice","volume":"34","author":"Sousa","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Mycol. Med."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prosdent.2019.12.025","article-title":"Efficacy of antifungal drugs in the treatment of oral candidiasis: A Bayesian network meta-analysis","volume":"125","author":"Fang","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Prosthet. Dent."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1007\/s11908-023-00797-6","article-title":"Role of Antifungal Susceptibility tests in the treatment of vulvovaginal candidiasis","volume":"25","author":"Sobel","year":"2023","journal-title":"Curr. Infect. Dis. Rep."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofz360.686","article-title":"Fluconazole-Resistant Candida albicans Vaginitis with Cross-Resistance to Azoles: A Case Report","volume":"6","author":"Yamazhan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Open Forum Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.1080\/01443615.2020.1732893","article-title":"Anidulafungin treatment for fluconazole-resistant Candida albicans vaginitis with cross-resistance to azoles: A case report","volume":"41","author":"Yamazhan","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Obs. Gynaecol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mycmed.2016.10.002","article-title":"Anti-Candida albicans natural products, sources of new antifungal drugs: A review","volume":"27","author":"Zida","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Mycol. Med."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.1159\/000453134","article-title":"Quercetin assists fluconazole to inhibit biofilm for mations of fluconazole-resistant Candida albicans in in vitro and in vivo antifungal managements of vulvovaginal candidiasis","volume":"40","author":"Gao","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell Physiol. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112900","DOI":"10.1016\/j.indcrop.2020.112900","article-title":"Purification of flavonoids from Carex meyeriana Kunth based on AHP and RSM: Composition analysis, antioxidant, and antimicrobial activity","volume":"157","author":"Cheng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ind. Crops Prod."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eaay8085","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aay8085","article-title":"Mammalian lipid droplets are innate immune hubs integrating cell metabolism and host defense","volume":"370","author":"Bosch","year":"2020","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tem.2021.12.006","article-title":"Eukaryotic lipid droplets: Metabolic hubs, and immune first responders","volume":"33","author":"Bosch","year":"2022","journal-title":"Trends Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1067","DOI":"10.1007\/s40265-016-0603-2","article-title":"Sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) and S1P signaling pathway: Therapeutic targets in autoimmunity and inflammation","volume":"76","author":"Tsai","year":"2016","journal-title":"Drugs"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"688","DOI":"10.1038\/nrd4099","article-title":"Targeting the sphingosine-1-phosphate ate axis in cancer, inflammation and beyond","volume":"12","author":"Kunkel","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Drug Discov."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1038\/nrm.2017.107","article-title":"Sphingolipids and their metabolism in physiology and disease","volume":"19","author":"Hannun","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hou, L., Yang, L., Chang, N., Zhao, X., Zhou, X., Dong, C., Liu, F., Yang, L., and Li, L. (2020). Macrophage sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor 2 blockade attenuates liver inflammation and fibrogenesis triggered by NLRP3 inflammasome. Front. Immunol., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.01149"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9660","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M114.609685","article-title":"Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor-associated factor (TRAF)-interacting protein (TRIP) negatively regulates the TRAF2 ubiquitin-dependent pathway by suppressing the TRAF2-sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) interaction","volume":"290","author":"Park","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"742","DOI":"10.1002\/art.21668","article-title":"Sphingosine 1-phosphate\/sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor 1 signaling in rheumatoid synovium: Regulation of synovial proliferation and inflammatory gene expression","volume":"54","author":"Kitano","year":"2006","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1667\/0033-7587(2001)156[0283:IVRBAS]2.0.CO;2","article-title":"In vivo Radioprotection by 5-androstenediol: Stimulation of the innate immune system","volume":"156","author":"Whitnall","year":"2001","journal-title":"Radiat. Res."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Williams, N.C., and O\u2019Neill, L.A.J. (2018). A Role for the Krebs cycle intermediate citrate in metabolic reprogramming in innate immunity and inflammation. Front. Immunol., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.00141"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1038\/s41422-020-0291-z","article-title":"Targeting immunometabolism as an anti-inflammatory strategy","volume":"30","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Res."},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"Jia, L. (2021). Effect of Crude Extract of Rostro-Tail Pipa Nail on Autophagy in Rat Aerobic Vaginitis, Dali University."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3945","DOI":"10.1007\/s00284-021-02652-0","article-title":"Effect of Silver Nanoparticles and L-Carnitine Supplement on Mixed Vaginitis Caused by Candida albicans\/Staphylococcus aureus in Mouse Models: An Experimental Study","volume":"78","author":"Chehri","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"Zhang, R. (2023). Study on the Anti-Inflammatory Effect and Mechanism of Glucomannan Gel Treatment for Mixed Infectious Vaginitis and Cervicitis in Rats, Shanxi Research Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/25\/13\/7288\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T15:09:15Z","timestamp":1760108955000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/25\/13\/7288"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,2]]},"references-count":30,"journal-issue":{"issue":"13","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms25137288"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms25137288","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,2]]}}}