{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T04:22:18Z","timestamp":1790914938352,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,3]],"date-time":"2024-07-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1719964800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Diabetic neuropathy and nephropathy are common complications of type 1 diabetes (T1D). The symptoms are often elusive in the early stages, and available diagnostic methods can be improved using biomarkers. Matrix metalloproteinase 3 (MMP-3) has been identified in the kidneys and is thought to be involved in diabetic nephropathy. Growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF-15) has been suggested to have positive effects in diabetes, but is otherwise associated with adverse effects such as cardiovascular risk, declined kidney function, and neurodegeneration. This study aims to investigate plasma MMP-3 and GDF-15 as systemic biomarkers for diabetic neuropathy and nephropathy in T1D. The study involves patients with childhood-onset T1D (n = 48, age 38 \u00b1 4 years) and a healthy control group (n = 30, age 38 \u00b1 5 years). Neurophysiology tests, evaluations of albuminuria, and measurements of routine biochemical markers were conducted. The neuropathy impairment assessment (NIA) scoring system, where factors such as loss of sensation and weakened reflexes are evaluated, was used to screen for symptoms of neuropathy. MMP-3 and GDF-15 concentrations were determined in heparinized plasma using ELISA kits. In total, 9 patients (19%) had albuminuria, and 25 (52%) had diabetic neuropathy. No significant differences were found in MMP-3 concentrations between the groups. GDF-15 levels were higher in T1D, with median and interquartile range (IQR) of 358 (242) pg\/mL in T1D and 295 (59) in controls (p &lt; 0.001). In the merged patient group, a positive correlation was found between MMP-3 and plasma creatinine, a negative correlation was found between MMP-3 and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR; rho = \u22120.358, p = 0.012), and there was a positive correlation between GDF-15 and NIA (rho = 0.723, p &lt; 0.001) and high-sensitive C-reactive protein (rho = 0.395, p = 0.005). MMP-3 was increased in macroalbuminuria and correlated positively with NIA only in the nine T1D patients with albuminuria (rho = 0.836, p = 0.005). The present study indicates that high MMP-3 is associated with low eGFR, high plasma creatinine, and macroalbuminuria, and that GDF-15 can be a biomarker for diabetic neuropathy in T1D. MMP-3 may be useful as biomarker for neuropathy in T1D with albuminuria.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25137328","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,4]],"date-time":"2024-07-04T03:52:58Z","timestamp":1720065178000},"page":"7328","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Growth Differentiation Factor 15 and Matrix Metalloproteinase 3 in Plasma as Biomarkers for Neuropathy and Nephropathy in Type 1 Diabetes"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Karin","family":"Billeson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Division of Clinical Chemistry and Pharmacology, Link\u00f6ping University, 581 83 Link\u00f6ping, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4433-1376","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Evangelia","family":"Baldimtsi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Acute Internal Medicine and Geriatrics in Link\u00f6ping, Department of Health, Medicine and Caring Sciences, Link\u00f6ping University, 581 83 Link\u00f6ping, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeanette","family":"Wahlberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medical Sciences, \u00d6rebro University, 701 82 \u00d6rebro, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3184-0427","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Per A.","family":"Whiss","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Division of Clinical Chemistry and Pharmacology, Link\u00f6ping University, 581 83 Link\u00f6ping, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fujita, Y., Murakami, T., and Nakamura, A. 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