{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,7]],"date-time":"2026-11-07T01:50:58Z","timestamp":1794016258345,"version":"4.8.0"},"reference-count":159,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,5]],"date-time":"2024-07-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1720137600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science KAKENHI","award":["21K19601"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21K19601"]}]},{"name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science KAKENHI","award":["23K21484"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["23K21484"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The oral detection of sugars relies on two types of receptor systems. The first is the G-protein-coupled receptor TAS1R2\/TAS1R3. When activated, this receptor triggers a downstream signaling cascade involving gustducin, phospholipase C\u03b22 (PLC\u03b22), and transient receptor potential channel M5 (TRPM5). The second type of receptor is the glucose transporter. When glucose enters the cell via this transporter, it is metabolized to produce ATP. This ATP inhibits the opening of KATP channels, leading to cell depolarization. Beside these receptor systems, sweet-sensitive taste cells have mechanisms to regulate their sensitivity to sweet substances based on internal and external states of the body. Sweet taste receptors are not limited to the oral cavity; they are also present in extraoral organs such as the gastrointestinal tract, pancreas, and brain. These extraoral sweet receptors are involved in various functions, including glucose absorption, insulin release, sugar preference, and food intake, contributing to the maintenance of energy homeostasis. Additionally, sweet receptors may have unique roles in certain organs like the trachea and bone. This review summarizes past and recent studies on sweet receptor systems, exploring the molecular mechanisms and physiological functions of sweet (sugar) detection in both oral and extraoral organs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25137398","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,8]],"date-time":"2024-07-08T12:21:03Z","timestamp":1720441263000},"page":"7398","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Mechanisms and Functions of Sweet Reception in Oral and Extraoral Organs"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7584-9437","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ryusuke","family":"Yoshida","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral Physiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8525, Japan"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8558, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuzo","family":"Ninomiya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral Physiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8525, Japan"},{"name":"Graduate School of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan"},{"name":"Monell Chemical Senses Center, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(84)90244-0","article-title":"Gustatory neural responses in three different strains of mice","volume":"302","author":"Ninomiya","year":"1984","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(84)91183-1","article-title":"Qualitative discrimination of gustatory stimuli in three different strains of mice","volume":"322","author":"Ninomiya","year":"1984","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1987.tb43613.x","article-title":"Genetics of the ability to perceive sweetness of D-phenylalanine in mice","volume":"510","author":"Ninomiya","year":"1987","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"267","article-title":"Taste receptor mechanisms influenced by a gene on chromosome 4 in mice","volume":"Volume 3","author":"Wysocki","year":"1991","journal-title":"Chemical Senses"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(92)91571-U","article-title":"Genetically variable taste sensitivity to D-amino acids in mice","volume":"596","author":"Ninomiya","year":"1992","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.jhered.a108452","article-title":"Single-locus control of saccharin preference in mice","volume":"65","author":"Fuller","year":"1974","journal-title":"J. Hered."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"931","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530-0277.1994.tb00062.x","article-title":"Localization of genes affecting alcohol drinking in mice","volume":"18","author":"Phillips","year":"1994","journal-title":"Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1017\/S0016672300034510","article-title":"The genetics of tasting in mice. VII. Glycine revisited, and the chromosomal location of Sac and Soa","volume":"66","author":"Lush","year":"1995","journal-title":"Genet. Res."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1093\/chemse\/24.4.373","article-title":"Quantitative trait loci associated with short-term intake of sucrose, saccharin and quinine solutions in laboratory mice","volume":"24","author":"Blizard","year":"1999","journal-title":"Chem. Senses"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"925","DOI":"10.1093\/chemse\/26.7.925","article-title":"Positional cloning of the mouse saccharin preference (Sac) locus","volume":"26","author":"Bachmanov","year":"2001","journal-title":"Chem. Senses"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1006\/bbrc.2001.4760","article-title":"Molecular genetic identification of a candidate receptor gene for sweet taste","volume":"283","author":"Kitagawa","year":"2001","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1038\/ng0501-58","article-title":"Tas1r3, encoding a new candidate taste receptor, is allelic to the sweet responsiveness locus Sac","volume":"28","author":"Max","year":"2001","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"492","DOI":"10.1038\/87440","article-title":"A candidate taste receptor gene near a sweet taste locus","volume":"4","author":"Montmayeur","year":"2001","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-8674(01)00451-2","article-title":"Mammalian sweet taste receptors","volume":"106","author":"Nelson","year":"2001","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"896","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1471-4159.2001.00292.x","article-title":"Identification of a novel member of the T1R family of putative taste receptors","volume":"77","author":"Sainz","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4692","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.072090199","article-title":"Human receptors for sweet and umami taste","volume":"99","author":"Li","year":"2002","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"850","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1087155","article-title":"Detection of sweet and umami taste in the absence of taste receptor T1r3","volume":"301","author":"Damak","year":"2003","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-8674(03)00844-4","article-title":"The receptors for mammalian sweet and umami taste","volume":"115","author":"Zhao","year":"2003","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1948","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2005.09.037","article-title":"Distinct contributions of T1R2 and T1R3 taste receptor subunits to the detection of sweet stimuli","volume":"15","author":"Nie","year":"2005","journal-title":"Curr. Biol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1093\/chemse\/bjj053","article-title":"Expression and purification of functional ligand-binding domains of T1R3 taste receptors","volume":"31","author":"Nie","year":"2006","journal-title":"Chem. Senses"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14258","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0404384101","article-title":"Different functional roles of T1R subunits in the heteromeric taste receptors","volume":"101","author":"Xu","year":"2004","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"i17","DOI":"10.1093\/chemse\/bjh091","article-title":"Molecular mechanisms of sweet receptor function","volume":"30","author":"Jiang","year":"2005","journal-title":"Chem. Senses"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11070","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0791-11.2011","article-title":"Molecular mechanism of species-dependent sweet taste toward artificial sweeteners","volume":"31","author":"Liu","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1093\/chemse\/bjv045","article-title":"Characterization of the Binding Site of Aspartame in the Human Sweet Taste Receptor","volume":"40","author":"Maillet","year":"2015","journal-title":"Chem. Senses"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Masuda, K., Koizumi, A., Nakajima, K., Tanaka, T., Abe, K., Misaka, T., and Ishiguro, M. (2012). Characterization of the modes of binding between human sweet taste receptor and low-molecular-weight sweet compounds. PLoS ONE, 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0035380"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34296","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M505255200","article-title":"Identification of the cyclamate interaction site within the transmembrane domain of the human sweet taste receptor subunit T1R3","volume":"280","author":"Jiang","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Winnig, M., Bufe, B., Kratochwil, N.A., Slack, J.P., and Meyerhof, W. (2007). The binding site for neohesperidin dihydrochalcone at the human sweet taste receptor. BMC Struct. Biol., 7.","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6807-7-66"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45068","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M406779200","article-title":"The cysteine-rich region of T1R3 determines responses to intensely sweet proteins","volume":"279","author":"Jiang","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"584","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmb.2010.03.017","article-title":"Key amino acid residues involved in multi-point binding interactions between brazzein, a sweet protein, and the T1R2-T1R3 human sweet receptor","volume":"398","author":"Maillet","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsb.2007.12.007","article-title":"Crystal structure of Mabinlin II: A novel structural type of sweet proteins and the main structural basis for its sweetness","volume":"162","author":"Li","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Struct. Biol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2012.09.083","article-title":"Functional characterization of the heterodimeric sweet taste receptor T1R2 and T1R3 from a New World monkey species (squirrel monkey) and its response to sweet-tasting proteins","volume":"427","author":"Liu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2011.08.033","article-title":"Introduction of a negative charge at Arg82 in thaumatin abolished responses to human T1R2-T1R3 sweet receptors","volume":"413","author":"Ohta","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2007.04.171","article-title":"Taste-modifying sweet protein, neoculin, is received at human T1R3 amino terminal domain","volume":"358","author":"Koizumi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16819","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1016644108","article-title":"Human sweet taste receptor mediates acid-induced sweetness of miraculin","volume":"108","author":"Koizumi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22807","DOI":"10.1038\/srep22807","article-title":"Intracellular acidification is required for full activation of the sweet taste receptor by miraculin","volume":"6","author":"Sanematsu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"796","DOI":"10.1038\/381796a0","article-title":"Transduction of bitter and sweet taste by gustducin","volume":"381","author":"Wong","year":"1996","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1055","DOI":"10.1038\/15981","article-title":"G\u03b313 colocalizes with gustducin in taste receptor cells and mediates IP3 responses to bitter denatonium","volume":"2","author":"Huang","year":"1999","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-8674(03)00071-0","article-title":"Coding of sweet, bitter, and umami tastes: Different receptor cells sharing similar signaling pathways","volume":"112","author":"Zhang","year":"2003","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37225","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M705641200","article-title":"Abnormal taste perception in mice lacking the type 3 inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor","volume":"282","author":"Hisatsune","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5777","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.4973-06.2007","article-title":"The transduction channel TRPM5 is gated by intracellular calcium in taste cells","volume":"27","author":"Zhang","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3088","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00409.2006","article-title":"Taste responsiveness of fungiform taste cells with action potentials","volume":"96","author":"Yoshida","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1093\/chemse\/bjj027","article-title":"Trpm5 null mice respond to bitter, sweet, and umami compounds","volume":"31","author":"Damak","year":"2006","journal-title":"Chem. Senses"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1253","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-012-3897-3","article-title":"Optimization of the production of gurmarin, a sweet-taste-suppressing protein, secreted by the methylotrophic yeast Pichia pastoris","volume":"96","author":"Sigoillot","year":"2012","journal-title":"Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3087","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1999.81.6.3087","article-title":"Sweet taste responses of mouse chorda tympani neurons: Existence of gurmarin-sensitive and -insensitive receptor components","volume":"81","author":"Ninomiya","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1521","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-9568.2007.05761.x","article-title":"Recovery of two independent sweet taste systems during regeneration of the mouse chorda tympani nerve after nerve crush","volume":"26","author":"Yasumatsu","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R960","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.91018.2008","article-title":"Multiple sweet receptors and transduction pathways revealed in knockout mice by temperature dependence and gurmarin sensitivity","volume":"296","author":"Ohkuri","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5431","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1100495108","article-title":"Glucose transporters and ATP-gated K+ (KATP) metabolic sensors are present in type 1 taste receptor 3 (T1r3)-expressing taste cells","volume":"108","author":"Yee","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1007\/s00441-011-1210-x","article-title":"Differential expression of the glucose transporters in mouse gustatory papillae","volume":"345","author":"Toyono","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cell Tissue Res."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7580.2011.01385.x","article-title":"Glucose transporters are expressed in taste receptor cells","volume":"219","author":"Merigo","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Anat."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3751","DOI":"10.2337\/db14-1462","article-title":"Leptin suppresses mouse taste cell responses to sweet compounds","volume":"64","author":"Yoshida","year":"2015","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6035","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1520843113","article-title":"Taste cell-expressed \u03b1-glucosidase enzymes contribute to gustatory responses to disaccharides","volume":"113","author":"Sukumaran","year":"2016","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13529","DOI":"10.1111\/apha.13529","article-title":"Sodium-glucose cotransporter 1 as a sugar taste sensor in mouse tongue","volume":"230","author":"Yasumatsu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acta Physiol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"905","DOI":"10.1016\/0031-9384(82)90212-8","article-title":"Effects of temperature on the perceived sweetness of sucrose","volume":"28","author":"Bartoshuk","year":"1982","journal-title":"Physiol. Behav."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1016\/0031-9384(88)90127-8","article-title":"The effect of cooling on the perception of carbohydrate and intensive sweeteners","volume":"43","author":"Green","year":"1988","journal-title":"Physiol. Behav."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1022","DOI":"10.1038\/nature04248","article-title":"Heat activation of TRPM5 underlies thermal sensitivity of sweet taste","volume":"438","author":"Talavera","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"C155","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpcell.00413.2022","article-title":"Effects of temperature on action potentials and ion conductances in type II taste-bud cells","volume":"325","author":"Ma","year":"2023","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Cell Physiol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"754","DOI":"10.1038\/s42255-019-0095-y","article-title":"Leptin and the endocrine control of energy balance","volume":"1","author":"Friedman","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Metab."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1038\/372425a0","article-title":"Positional cloning of the mouse obese gene and its human homologue","volume":"372","author":"Zhang","year":"1994","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"632","DOI":"10.1038\/379632a0","article-title":"Abnormal splicing of the leptin receptor in diabetic mice","volume":"379","author":"Lee","year":"1996","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_60","first-page":"R930","article-title":"Enhanced gustatory neural responses to sugars in the diabetic db\/db mouse","volume":"268","author":"Ninomiya","year":"1995","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1093\/chemse\/21.1.59","article-title":"Analysis of concentration-response relationship for enhanced sugar responses of the chorda tympani nerve in the diabetic db\/db mouse","volume":"21","author":"Sako","year":"1996","journal-title":"Chem. Senses"},{"key":"ref_62","first-page":"R1324","article-title":"Enhanced responses of the chorda tympani nerve to nonsugar sweeteners in the diabetic db\/db mouse","volume":"274","author":"Ninomiya","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11044","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.190066697","article-title":"Leptin as a modulator of sweet taste sensitivities in mice","volume":"97","author":"Kawai","year":"2000","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/S1074-7427(03)00046-7","article-title":"Conditioned taste aversion learning in leptin-receptor-deficient db\/db mice","volume":"80","author":"Ohta","year":"2003","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Learn. Mem."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"839","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2003-0602","article-title":"Leptin modulates behavioral responses to sweet substances by influencing peripheral taste structures","volume":"145","author":"Shigemura","year":"2004","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2527","DOI":"10.1113\/JP270295","article-title":"Modulation of sweet taste sensitivities by endogenous leptin and endocannabinoids in mice","volume":"593","author":"Niki","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7793.1997.527bd.x","article-title":"Leptin activates ATP-sensitive potassium channels in the rat insulin-secreting cell line, CRIG1","volume":"504","author":"Harvey","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1038\/37379","article-title":"Leptin inhibits hypothalamic neurons by activation of ATP-sensitive potassium channels","volume":"390","author":"Spanswick","year":"1997","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2377","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.emboj.7601118","article-title":"A novel leptin signalling pathway via PTEN inhibition in hypothalamic cell lines and pancreatic beta-cells","volume":"25","author":"Ning","year":"2006","journal-title":"EMBO J."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1111\/jnc.15268","article-title":"Phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase mediates the sweet suppressive effect of leptin in mouse taste cells","volume":"158","author":"Yoshida","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2726","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.042688899","article-title":"Nucleotides and phospholipids compete for binding to the C terminus of KATP channels","volume":"99","author":"MacGregor","year":"2002","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7793.2000.00095.x","article-title":"Leptin activation of ATP- sensitive K+ (KATP) channels in rat CRI- G1 insulinoma cells involves disruption of the actin cytoskeleton","volume":"527","author":"Harvey","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mirshamsi, S., Laidlaw, H.A., Ning, K., Anderson, E., Burgess, L.A., Gray, A., Sutherland, C., and Ashford, M.L. (2004). Leptin and insulin stimulation of signalling pathways in arcuate nucleus neurones: PI3K dependent actin reorganization and KATP channel activation. BMC Neurosci., 5.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2202-5-54"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12673","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1216351110","article-title":"Leptin promotes KATP channel traf- ficking by AMPK signaling in pancreatic \u03b2- cells","volume":"110","author":"Park","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1151","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bjp.0704379","article-title":"Anandamide administration into the ventromedial hypothalamus stimulates appetite in rats","volume":"134","author":"Jamshidi","year":"2001","journal-title":"Br. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"550","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bjp.0704767","article-title":"Endocannabinoid levels in rat limbic forebrain and hypothalamus in relation to fasting, feeding and satiation: Stimulation of eating by 2-arachidonoyl glycerol","volume":"136","author":"Kirkham","year":"2002","journal-title":"Br. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI17725","article-title":"The endogenous cannabinoid system affects energy balance via central orexigenic drive and peripheral lipogenesis","volume":"112","author":"Cota","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"935","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0912048107","article-title":"Endocannabinoids selectively enhance sweet taste","volume":"107","author":"Yoshida","year":"2010","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Leo, L.M., and Abood, M.E. (2021). CB1 Cannabinoid Receptor Signaling and Biased Signaling. Molecules, 26.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules26175413"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3783","DOI":"10.1016\/j.febslet.2008.10.007","article-title":"Tonic activity of Galpha-gustducin regulates taste cell responsivity","volume":"582","author":"Clapp","year":"2008","journal-title":"FEBS Lett."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-1716.2011.02308.x","article-title":"Taste receptor signalling\u2014From tongues to lungs","volume":"204","author":"Kinnamon","year":"2012","journal-title":"Acta Physiol."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2016.01.001","article-title":"Adrenomedullin: A potential therapeutic target for retinochoroidal disease","volume":"52","author":"Iesato","year":"2016","journal-title":"Prog. Retin. Eye Res."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1038\/30666","article-title":"RAMPS regulate the transport and ligand specificity of the calcitonin-receptor-like receptor","volume":"393","author":"McLatchie","year":"1998","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1038\/nature23299","article-title":"Rewiring the taste system","volume":"548","author":"Lee","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7595","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-07746-z","article-title":"Whole transcriptome profiling of taste bud cells","volume":"7","author":"Sukumaran","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Iwata, S., Yoshida, R., Takai, S., Sanematsu, K., Shigemura, N., and Ninomiya, Y. (2023). Adrenomedullin Enhances Mouse Gustatory Nerve Responses to Sugars via T1R-Independent Sweet Taste Pathway. Nutrients, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15132941"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/j.regpep.2005.02.001","article-title":"Effect of adrenomedullin and proadrenomedullin N-terminal 20 peptide on sugar transport in the rat intestine","volume":"129","author":"Lostao","year":"2005","journal-title":"Regul. Pept."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R855","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.90869.2008","article-title":"T1R2 and T1R3 subunits are individually unnecessary for normal affective licking responses to polycose: Implications for saccharide taste receptors in mice","volume":"296","author":"Treesukosol","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13527","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2179-11.2011","article-title":"Behavioral evidence for a glucose polymer taste receptor that is independent of the T1R2+3 heterodimer in a mouse model","volume":"31","author":"Treesukosol","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1093\/chemse\/bjt011","article-title":"Impact of T1r3 and Trpm5 on carbohydrate preference and acceptance in C57BL\/6 mice","volume":"38","author":"Zukerman","year":"2013","journal-title":"Chem. Senses"},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Murovets, V.O., Bachmanov, A.A., and Zolotarev, V.A. (2015). Impaired Glucose Metabolism in Mice Lacking the Tas1r3 Taste Receptor Gene. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0130997"},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yamase, Y., Huang, H., Mitoh, Y., Egusa, M., Miyawaki, T., and Yoshida, R. (2023). Taste Responses and Ingestive Behaviors to Ingredients of Fermented Milk in Mice. Foods, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods12061150"},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"ENEURO.0026-20.2020","DOI":"10.1523\/ENEURO.0026-20.2020","article-title":"Neural Isolation of the Olfactory Bulbs Severely Impairs Taste-Guided Behavior to Normally Preferred, But Not Avoided, Stimuli","volume":"7","author":"Blonde","year":"2020","journal-title":"eNeuro"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"552","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.00056.2015","article-title":"Sugar-induced cephalic-phase insulin release is mediated by a T1r2T1r3-independent taste transduction pathway in mice","volume":"309","author":"Glendinning","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1186\/s12576-023-00875-3","article-title":"Sugar signals from oral glucose transporters elicit cephalic-phase insulin release in mice","volume":"73","author":"Takamori","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Physiol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1495","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1118435","article-title":"ATP signaling is crucial for communication from taste buds to gustatory nerves","volume":"310","author":"Finger","year":"2005","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1038\/nature11906","article-title":"CALHM1 ion channel mediates purinergic neurotransmission of sweet, bitter and umami tastes","volume":"495","author":"Taruno","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15075","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0706678104","article-title":"T1R3 and gustducin in gut sense sugars to regulate expression of Na+-glucose cotransporter 1","volume":"104","author":"Margolskee","year":"2007","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moran, A.W., Al-Rammahi, M.A., Batchelor, D.J., Bravo, D.M., and Shirazi-Beechey, S.P. (2018). Glucagon-Like Peptide-2 and the Enteric Nervous System Are Components of Cell-Cell Communication Pathway Regulating Intestinal Na+\/Glucose Co-transport. Front. Nutr., 5.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2018.00101"},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1950","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2019-00398","article-title":"Localization of Glucagon-Like Peptide-2 Receptor Expression in the Mouse","volume":"160","author":"Yusta","year":"2019","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmet.2018.08.009","article-title":"T1R2 receptor-mediated glucose sensing in the upper intestine potentiates glucose absorption through activation of local regulatory pathways","volume":"17","author":"Smith","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"540","DOI":"10.1111\/1750-3841.14586","article-title":"Sweet Taste Receptor Expression and Its Activation by Sucralose to Regulate Glucose Absorption in Mouse Duodenum","volume":"86","author":"Shi","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Food Sci."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2233","DOI":"10.1002\/jsfa.13110","article-title":"Sucralose regulates postprandial blood glucose in mice through intestinal sweet taste receptors Tas1r2\/Tas1r3","volume":"104","author":"Shi","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Sci. Food Agric."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R1643","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.00495.2010","article-title":"Gut T1R3 sweet taste receptors do not mediate sucrose-conditioned flavor preferences in mice","volume":"299","author":"Sclafani","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R1119","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.00038.2012","article-title":"The role of gut nutrient sensing in stimulating appetite and conditioning food preferences","volume":"302","author":"Sclafani","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Myers, K.P., Summers, M.Y., Geyer-Roberts, E., and Schier, L.A. (2020). The Role of Post-Ingestive Feedback in the Development of an Enhanced Appetite for the Orosensory Properties of Glucose over Fructose in Rats. Nutrients, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12030807"},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R448","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.00255.2018","article-title":"T1R2+T1R3-independent chemosensory inputs contributing to behavioral discrimination of sugars in mice","volume":"316","author":"Schier","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R901","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.00340.2019","article-title":"Olfaction contributes to the learned avidity for glucose relative to fructose in mice","volume":"318","author":"Glendinning","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eaat5236","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aat5236","article-title":"A gut-brain neural circuit for nutrient sensory transduction","volume":"361","author":"Kaelberer","year":"2018","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-021-00982-7","article-title":"The preference for sugar over sweetener depends on a gut sensor cell","volume":"25","author":"Buchanan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2199-7","article-title":"The gut-brain axis mediates sugar preference","volume":"580","author":"Tan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"887","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2018.10.018","article-title":"A Neural Circuit for Gut-Induced Reward","volume":"175","author":"Han","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2362","DOI":"10.1111\/febs.16176","article-title":"AgRP neurons: Regulators of feeding, energy expenditure, and behavior","volume":"289","author":"Deem","year":"2022","journal-title":"FEBS J."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"676","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2020.12.018","article-title":"Hypothalamic detection of macronutrients via multiple gut-brain pathways","volume":"33","author":"Goldstein","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4560","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-12478-x","article-title":"Hypothalamic neuronal circuits regulating hunger-induced taste modification","volume":"10","author":"Fu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nakagawa, Y., Nagasawa, M., Yamada, S., Hara, A., Mogami, H., Nikolaev, V.O., Lohse, M.J., Shigemura, N., Ninomiya, Y., and Kojima, I. (2009). Sweet taste receptor expressed in pancreatic beta-cells activates the calcium and cyclic AMP signaling systems and stimulates insulin secretion. PLoS ONE, 4.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0005106"},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1507\/endocrj.EJ13-0431","article-title":"Glucose promotes its own metabolism by acting on the cell-surface glucose-sensing receptor T1R3","volume":"61","author":"Nakagawa","year":"2014","journal-title":"Endocr. J."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1007\/s00424-018-2237-6","article-title":"Electrophysiology of the pancreatic islet beta-cell sweet taste receptor TIR3","volume":"471","author":"Malaisse","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pflugers Arch."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E524","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1115183109","article-title":"Sweet taste receptor signaling in beta cells mediates fructose-induced potentiation of glucose-stimulated insulin secretion","volume":"109","author":"Kyriazis","year":"2012","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e949195","DOI":"10.4161\/19382014.2014.949195","article-title":"Mathematical models of electrical activity of the pancreatic \u03b2-cell: A physiological review","volume":"6","year":"2014","journal-title":"Islets"},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.3389\/neuro.07.012.2009","article-title":"Sweet taste signaling functions as a hypothalamic glucose sensor","volume":"3","author":"Ren","year":"2009","journal-title":"Front. Integr. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kohno, D., Koike, M., Ninomiya, Y., Kojima, I., Kitamura, T., and Yada, T. (2016). Sweet Taste Receptor Serves to Activate Glucose- and Leptin-Responsive Neurons in the Hypothalamic Arcuate Nucleus and Participates in Glucose Responsiveness. Front. Neurosci., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2016.00502"},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11508","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M116.773820","article-title":"Altered learning, memory, and social behavior in type 1 taste receptor subunit 3 knock-out mice are associated with neuronal dysfunction","volume":"292","author":"Martin","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-1838(84)90033-X","article-title":"Neural network of glucose monitoring system","volume":"10","author":"Oomura","year":"1984","journal-title":"J. Auton. Nerv. Syst."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"769","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-018-1099-4","article-title":"Brain Glucose-Sensing Mechanism and Energy Homeostasis","volume":"56","author":"Salazar","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mol. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1393","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI72094","article-title":"Bitter and sweet taste receptors regulate human upper respiratory innate immunity","volume":"124","author":"Lee","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kokabu, S., Lowery, J.W., Toyono, T., Sato, T., and Yoda, T. (2017). On the Emerging Role of the Taste Receptor Type 1 (T1R) Family of Nutrient-Sensors in the Musculoskeletal System. Molecules, 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules22030469"},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Simon, B.R., Learman, B.S., Parlee, S.D., Scheller, E.L., Mori, H., Cawthorn, W.P., Ning, X., Krishnan, V., Ma, Y.L., and Tyrberg, B. (2014). Sweet taste receptor deficient mice have decreased adiposity and increased bone mass. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0086454"},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1007\/s13105-017-0596-7","article-title":"Loss of the nutrient sensor TAS1R3 leads to reduced bone resorption","volume":"74","author":"Eaton","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Physiol. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00254508","article-title":"Cephalic phase, reflex insulin secretion neuroanatomical and physiological characterization","volume":"20","author":"Berthoud","year":"1981","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2007-1003691","article-title":"Thermogenic and hormonal responses to palatable protein and carbohydrate rich food","volume":"23","author":"LeBlanc","year":"1991","journal-title":"Horm. Metab. Res."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1364","DOI":"10.1093\/advances\/nmaa059","article-title":"Endocrine Cephalic Phase Responses to Food Cues: A Systematic Review","volume":"11","author":"Lasschuijt","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adv. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_133","first-page":"E336","article-title":"Cephalic-phase insulin secretion in normal and pancreatic islet-transplanted rats","volume":"238","author":"Berthoud","year":"1980","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"721","DOI":"10.1016\/0026-0495(87)90106-5","article-title":"Cephalic phase metabolic responses in normal weight adults","volume":"36","author":"Bruce","year":"1987","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"key":"ref_135","first-page":"E430","article-title":"Cephalic phase insulin release in normal weight males: Verification and reliability","volume":"261","author":"Teff","year":"1991","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1016\/0361-9230(86)90126-7","article-title":"Effects of D-glucose anomers on sweetness taste and insulin release in man","volume":"17","author":"Yamazaki","year":"1986","journal-title":"Brain Res. Bull."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"622","DOI":"10.1016\/j.appet.2008.04.271","article-title":"Cephalic phase insulin release in healthy humans after taste stimulation?","volume":"51","author":"Just","year":"2008","journal-title":"Appetit"},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"773","DOI":"10.2337\/diab.37.6.773","article-title":"Taste-Induced Changes in Plasma Insulin and Glucose Turnover in Lean and Genetically Obese Rats","volume":"37","author":"Ionescu","year":"1988","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.2220\/biomedres.28.79","article-title":"Relationships between insulin release and taste","volume":"28","author":"Tonosaki","year":"2007","journal-title":"Biomed. Res."},{"key":"ref_140","first-page":"R523","article-title":"Identification of vagal preganglionics that mediate cephalic phase insulin response","volume":"258","author":"Berthoud","year":"1990","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1089","DOI":"10.1016\/0031-9384(94)00373-D","article-title":"Sweet Taste: Effect on Cephalic Phase Insulin Release in Men","volume":"57","author":"Teff","year":"1995","journal-title":"Physiol. Behav."},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/65.3.737","article-title":"Cephalic phase responses to sweet taste","volume":"65","author":"Abdallah","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.00433.2016","article-title":"Glucose elicits cephalic-phase insulin release in mice by activating KATP channels in taste cells","volume":"312","author":"Glendinning","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.2008.05397.x","article-title":"Modulation of taste sensitivity by GLP-1 signaling","volume":"106","author":"Shin","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2268","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.14-265355","article-title":"Glucagon-like peptide-1 is specifically involved in sweet taste transmission","volume":"29","author":"Takai","year":"2015","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3009","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2012.232009","article-title":"Acetylcholine is released from taste cells, enhancing taste signalling","volume":"590","author":"Dando","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6075","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1402251111","article-title":"Cholinergic neurotransmission links solitary chemosensory cells to nasal inflammation","volume":"111","author":"Saunders","year":"2014","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15069","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0706890104","article-title":"Gut-expressed gustducin and taste receptors regulate secretion of glucagon-like peptide-1","volume":"104","author":"Jang","year":"2007","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"524","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2011.01.007","article-title":"The functional involvement of gut-expressed sweet taste receptors in glucose-stimulated secretion of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and peptide YY (PYY)","volume":"30","author":"Steinert","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2016.06.036","article-title":"Leptin suppresses sweet taste responses of enteroendocrine STC-1 cells","volume":"332","author":"Jyotaki","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E417","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.00071.2021","article-title":"Intestinal alteration of alpha-gustducin and sweet taste signaling pathway in metabolic diseases is partly rescued after weight loss and diabetes remission","volume":"321","author":"Rouault","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"773","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.23125","article-title":"A sweet taste receptor-dependent mechanism of glucosensing in hypothalamic tanycytes","volume":"65","author":"Benford","year":"2017","journal-title":"Glia"},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1628","DOI":"10.1007\/s11064-010-0223-2","article-title":"Enhanced expression of the sweet taste receptors and alpha-gustducin in reactive astrocytes of the rat hippocampus following ischemic injury","volume":"35","author":"Shin","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neurochem. Res."},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jang, J.H., Kim, H.K., Seo, D.W., Ki, S.Y., Park, S., Choi, S.H., Kim, D.H., Moon, S.J., and Jeong, Y.T. (2021). Whole-Brain Mapping of the Expression Pattern of T1R2, a Subunit Specific to the Sweet Taste Receptor. Front. Neuroanat., 15.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnana.2021.751839"},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8981","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1531172100","article-title":"Solitary chemoreceptor cells in the nasal cavity serve as sentinels of respiration","volume":"100","author":"Finger","year":"2003","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tizzano, M., Cristofoletti, M., Sbarbati, A., and Finger, T.E. (2011). Expression of taste receptors in solitary chemosensory cells of rodent airways. BMC Pulm. Med., 11.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2466-11-3"},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2929","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00066.2008","article-title":"Nasal solitary chemoreceptor cell responses to bitter and trigeminal stimulants in vitro","volume":"99","author":"Gulbransen","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3210","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0911934107","article-title":"Nasal chemosensory cells use bitter taste signaling to detect irritants and bacterial signals","volume":"107","author":"Tizzano","year":"2010","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mcn.2008.04.011","article-title":"Genetic tracing of the gustatory and trigeminal neural pathways originating from T1R3-expressing taste receptor cells and solitary chemoreceptor cells","volume":"38","author":"Ohmoto","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mol. Cell Neurosci."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/25\/13\/7398\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T15:10:49Z","timestamp":1760109049000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/25\/13\/7398"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,5]]},"references-count":159,"journal-issue":{"issue":"13","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms25137398"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms25137398","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,5]]}}}