{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]],"date-time":"2026-08-21T12:37:42Z","timestamp":1787315862296,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,5]],"date-time":"2024-07-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1720137600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"JSPS KAKENHI","award":["JP 21H04865"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP 21H04865"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Advanced glycation end-products (AGEs) form through non-enzymatic glycation of various proteins. Optic nerve degeneration is a frequent complication of diabetes, and retinal AGE accumulation is strongly linked to the development of diabetic retinopathy. Type 2 diabetes mellitus is a major risk factor for Alzheimer\u2019s disease (AD), with patients often exhibiting optic axon degeneration in the nerve fiber layer. Notably, a gap exists in our understanding of how AGEs contribute to neuronal degeneration in the optic nerve within the context of both diabetes and AD. Our previous work demonstrated that glyceraldehyde (GA)-derived toxic advanced glycation end-products (TAGE) disrupt neurite outgrowth through TAGE\u2013\u03b2-tubulin aggregation and tau phosphorylation in neural cultures. In this study, we further illustrated GA-induced suppression of optic nerve axonal elongation via abnormal \u03b2-tubulin aggregation in mouse retinas. Elucidating this optic nerve degeneration mechanism holds promise for bridging the knowledge gap regarding vision loss associated with diabetes mellitus and AD.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25137409","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,8]],"date-time":"2024-07-08T12:21:03Z","timestamp":1720441263000},"page":"7409","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Toxic Advanced Glycation End-Products Inhibit Axonal Elongation Mediated by \u03b2-Tubulin Aggregation in Mice Optic Nerves"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6853-8964","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hayahide","family":"Ooi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School and Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Suzuka University of Medical Science, 3500-3 Minamitamagaki, Suzuka 513-8670, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ayako","family":"Furukawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School and Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Suzuka University of Medical Science, 3500-3 Minamitamagaki, Suzuka 513-8670, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1057-3764","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Masayoshi","family":"Takeuchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Advanced Medicine, Medical Research Institute, Kanazawa Medical University, 1-1 Daigaku, Uchinada-Machi, Kahoku 920-0293, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8777-329X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yoshiki","family":"Koriyama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School and Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Suzuka University of Medical Science, 3500-3 Minamitamagaki, Suzuka 513-8670, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Takeuchi, M., Sakasai-Sakai, A., Takata, T., Takino, J.I., and Koriyama, Y. 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