{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:14:22Z","timestamp":1760145262603,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,6]],"date-time":"2024-07-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1720224000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Nacional Science Centre, Poland","award":["2016\/23\/B\/NZ6\/03464"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2016\/23\/B\/NZ6\/03464"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Mast cells are essential immune cells involved in the host\u2019s defence against gastrointestinal nematodes. To evade the immune response, parasitic nematodes produce a variety of molecules. Galectin 1, produced by Teladorsagia circumcincta (Tci-gal-1), reduces mast cell degranulation and selectively regulates mediator production and release in an IgE-dependent manner. To uncover the activity of Tci-gal-1, we have examined the effect of the protein on gene expression, protein production, and apoptosis in activated basophilic leukaemia RBL-2H3 cells. Rat RBL-2H3 cells were activated with anti-DNP IgE and DNP-HSA, and then treated with Tci-gal-1. Microarray analysis was used to examine gene expression. The levels of several apoptosis-related molecules and cytokines were determined using antibody arrays and ELISA. Early and late apoptosis was evaluated cytometrically. Degranulation of cells was determined by a \u03b2-hexosaminidase release assay. Treatment of activated RBL-2H3 cells with Tci-gal-1 resulted in inhibited apoptosis and decreased degranulation, although we did not detect significant changes in gene expression. The production of pro-apoptotic molecules, receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) and Fas ligand (FasL), and the cytokines IL-9, IL-10, IL-13, TNF-\u03b1, and IL-2 was strongly inhibited. Tci-gal-1 modulates apoptosis, degranulation, and production of cytokines by activated RBL-2H3 cells without detectable influence on gene transcription. This parasite protein is crucial for modulation of the protective immune response and the inhibition of chronic inflammation driven by mast cell activity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25137419","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,8]],"date-time":"2024-07-08T12:21:03Z","timestamp":1720441263000},"page":"7419","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Nematode Galectin Inhibits Basophilic Leukaemia RBL-2H3 Cells Apoptosis in IgE-Mediated Activation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6595-6228","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marta","family":"Maruszewska-Cheruiyot","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Parasitology, General Karol Kaczkowski Military Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, 01-163 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ludmi\u0142a","family":"Szewczak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Parasitology, General Karol Kaczkowski Military Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, 01-163 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7557-8059","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katarzyna","family":"Krawczak-W\u00f3jcik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Parasitology, General Karol Kaczkowski Military Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, 01-163 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5054-1348","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael James","family":"Stear","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal, Plant and Soil Science, Agribio, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC 3086, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4924-800X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katarzyna","family":"Donskow-\u0141ysoniewska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Parasitology, General Karol Kaczkowski Military Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, 01-163 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3024.1995.tb01010.x","article-title":"Regulation of Egg Production, Worm Burden, Worm Length and Worm Fecundity by Host Responses in Sheep Infected with Ostertagia Circumcincta","volume":"17","author":"Stear","year":"1995","journal-title":"Parasite Immunol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1111\/all.14881","article-title":"The Ingenious Mast Cell: Contemporary Insights into Mast Cell Behavior and Function","volume":"77","author":"Dahlin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Urb, M., and Sheppard, D.C. 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