{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T14:52:57Z","timestamp":1791816777833,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,7]],"date-time":"2024-07-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1720310400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100005825","name":"USDA National Institute of Food and Agriculture, Capacity Building program","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2022-38821-37357"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022-38821-37357"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100005825","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Hypertension is a major controllable risk factor associated with cardiovascular disease (CVD) and overall mortality worldwide. Most people with hypertension must take medications that are effective in blood pressure management but cause many side effects. Thus, it is important to explore safer antihypertensive alternatives to regulate blood pressure. In this study, peanut protein concentrate (PPC) was hydrolyzed with 3\u20135% Alcalase for 3\u201310 h. The in vitro angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) and renin-inhibitory activities of the resulting peanut protein hydrolysate (PPH) samples and their fractions of different molecular weight ranges were determined as two measures of their antihypertensive potentials. The results show that the crude PPH produced at 4% Alcalase for 6 h of hydrolysis had the highest ACE-inhibitory activity with IC50 being 5.45 mg\/mL. The PPH samples produced with 3\u20135% Alcalase hydrolysis for 6\u20138 h also displayed substantial renin-inhibitory activities, which is a great advantage over the animal protein-derived bioactive peptides or hydrolysate. Remarkably higher ACE- and renin-inhibitory activities were observed in fractions smaller than 5 kDa with IC50 being 0.85 and 1.78 mg\/mL. Hence, the PPH and its small molecular fraction produced under proper Alcalase hydrolysis conditions have great potential to serve as a cost-effective anti-hypertensive ingredient for blood pressure management.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25137463","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,8]],"date-time":"2024-07-08T12:21:03Z","timestamp":1720441263000},"page":"7463","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme and Renin-Inhibitory Activities of Protein Hydrolysates Produced by Alcalase Hydrolysis of Peanut Protein"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Sukanya","family":"Poddar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Food and Nutritional Sciences Program, Department of Family and Consumer Sciences, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, Greensboro, NC 27411, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jianmei","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Food and Nutritional Sciences Program, Department of Family and Consumer Sciences, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, Greensboro, NC 27411, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1923","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)32225-6","article-title":"Global, regional, and national comparative risk assessment of 84 behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks or clusters of risks for 195 countries and territories, 1990\u20132017: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017","volume":"392","author":"Stanaway","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1736","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)32203-7","article-title":"Global, regional, and national age-sex-specific mortality for 282 causes of death in 195 countries and territories, 1980\u20132017: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017","volume":"392","author":"Roth","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.115.018912","article-title":"Global Disparities of Hypertension Prevalence and Control","volume":"134","author":"Mills","year":"2016","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"CDC (2024, April 12). 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