{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:13:28Z","timestamp":1760145208595,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":72,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,8]],"date-time":"2024-07-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1720396800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute of the National Institutes of Health","award":["NIH R01 HL135103"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NIH R01 HL135103"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Peripheral artery disease (PAD) is classified as the narrowing or complete occlusion of the lower extremity arteries due to atherosclerosis. The risk of developing PAD increases with increased age and risk factors such as smoking, diabetes, hypertension, and hypercholesterolemia. Current treatment for PAD involves lifestyle and symptom management, statin and antiplatelet therapy, and\/or surgical interventions to improve quality of life with varying efficacy. PAD affects approximately 5 to 6 percent of the global population, with this global burden continuing to increase. Despite the increase in disease prevalence, no gold standard functional diagnostic tool has been established for enabling early detection of the disease, appropriate medical management, and prediction of adverse outcomes for PAD patients. The visualization and quantification of the physiological consequences of PAD are possible by way of nuclear imaging: specifically, via scintigraphy, single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT), and positron emission tomography (PET) imaging. These non-invasive modalities, when combined with targeted radionuclides, possess utility for detecting functional perfusion deficits and provide unique insight into muscle tissue- and vascular-level characteristics of PAD patients. This review discusses the past, present, and emerging applications of hybrid nuclear imaging modalities in the evaluation and monitoring of patients with PAD.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25137474","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,8]],"date-time":"2024-07-08T12:21:03Z","timestamp":1720441263000},"page":"7474","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Applications of SPECT and PET Imaging for the Physiological Evaluation of Lower Extremity Peripheral Artery Disease"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7405-523X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eleanor T.","family":"Rimmerman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Interdisciplinary Biophysics Graduate Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA"},{"name":"Center for Regenerative Medicine, Research Institute at Nationwide Children\u2019s Hospital, Columbus, OH 43215, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8423-1011","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mitchel R.","family":"Stacy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Interdisciplinary Biophysics Graduate Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA"},{"name":"Center for Regenerative Medicine, Research Institute at Nationwide Children\u2019s Hospital, Columbus, OH 43215, USA"},{"name":"Division of Vascular Diseases and Surgery, Department of Surgery, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH 43210, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1007\/s11307-019-01425-3","article-title":"Clinical Applications for Radiotracer Imaging of Lower Extremity Peripheral Arterial Disease and Critical Limb Ischemia","volume":"22","author":"Chou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mol. 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