{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,7]],"date-time":"2026-09-07T20:28:06Z","timestamp":1788812886261,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":92,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,9]],"date-time":"2024-07-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1720483200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The role of food constituents as pharmacological agents is an important consideration in health and obesity. Vitamin C acts as a small molecule antioxidant but is also a co-factor for numerous transition metal-dependent enzymes involved in healthy weight and energy metabolism. Vitamin C cannot be manufactured by humans and is mainly obtained from the dietary intake of fresh fruit and vegetables. There is great variability between different nutritional guidelines in the recommended daily allowance of vitamin C. Vitamin C deficiency results from an inadequate intake of vitamin C-containing foods and also increased utilization by oxidative and carbonyl stress. Risk factors for vitamin C deficiency include cigarette smoking, malnutrition, obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus, age, race, sex, social isolation, major surgery, and Western-type diets. Despite the common belief that vitamin C deficiency is rare in affluent countries, surveys of large populations and specific patient groups suggest otherwise. Patients with obesity typically consume highly processed, energy-dense foods which contain inadequate micronutrients. As obesity increases, larger amounts of oral vitamin C are required to achieve adequate plasma and tissue concentrations, as compared to persons with a healthy weight. This is important in the control of oxidative stress and the maintenance of homeostasis and organ function. In this narrative review, the dosage, absorption, distribution, excretion, and catabolism of vitamin C are reviewed, together with the latest findings on vitamin C pharmacology in patients with obesity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25147523","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,9]],"date-time":"2024-07-09T08:38:04Z","timestamp":1720514284000},"page":"7523","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Molecular Pharmacology of Vitamin C and Relevance to Health and Obesity\u2014A Narrative Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7408-4695","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Robert Beaumont","family":"Wilson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Clinical Medicine, University of New South Wales (Sydney), Elizabeth St, Liverpool, NSW 2170, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7458-2371","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yicong","family":"Liang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bankstown Hospital, University of New South Wales (Sydney), Bankstown, NSW 2200, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8411-1522","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Devesh","family":"Kaushal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Campbelltown Hospital, Western Sydney University, Sydney, NSW 2560, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5890-2977","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anitra","family":"Carr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nutrition in Medicine Research Group, Department of Pathology and Biomedical Science, University of Otago, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"WHO (2024, June 25). 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