{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,29]],"date-time":"2026-08-29T05:53:49Z","timestamp":1787982829256,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,9]],"date-time":"2024-07-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1720483200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Medical University of Bialystok","award":["B.SUB.24.166"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["B.SUB.24.166"]}]},{"name":"Medical University of Bialystok","award":["B.SUB.24.503"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["B.SUB.24.503"]}]},{"name":"Medical University of Bialystok","award":["B.SUB.24.559"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["B.SUB.24.559"]}]},{"name":"Medical University of Bialystok","award":["B.SUB.24.297"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["B.SUB.24.297"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Recent investigations implicate neuroinflammatory changes, including astrocyte and microglia activation, as crucial in the progression of Alzheimer\u2019s disease (AD) Thus, we compared selected proteins reflecting neuroinflammatory processes to establish their connection to AD pathologies. Our study, encompassing 80 subjects with (n = 42) AD, (n = 18) mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and (n = 20) non-demented controls compares the clinical potential of tested molecules. Using antibody-based methods, we assessed concentrations of NGAL, CXCL-11, sTREM1, and sTREM2 in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Proinflammatory proteins, NGAL, and CXCL-11 reached a peak in the early stage of the disease and allowed for the identification of patients with MCI. Furthermore, the concentration of the anti-inflammatory molecule sTREM2 was highest in the more advanced stage of the disease and permitted differentiation between AD and non-demented controls. Additionally, sTREM2 was biochemically linked to tau and pTau in the AD group. Notably, NGAL demonstrated superior diagnostic performance compared to classical AD biomarkers in discriminating MCI patients from controls. These findings suggest that proteins secreted mainly through microglia dysfunction might play not only a detrimental but also a protective role in the development of AD pathology.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25147543","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,9]],"date-time":"2024-07-09T15:27:20Z","timestamp":1720538840000},"page":"7543","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Associations between Microglia and Astrocytic Proteins and Tau Biomarkers across the Continuum of Alzheimer\u2019s Disease"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Julia","family":"Doroszkiewicz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurodegeneration Diagnostics, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-269 Bialystok, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Agnieszka","family":"Kulczy\u0144ska-Przybik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurodegeneration Diagnostics, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-269 Bialystok, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7149-017X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maciej","family":"Dulewicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, 431 80 M\u00f6lndal, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jan","family":"Mroczko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurodegeneration Diagnostics, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-269 Bialystok, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Renata","family":"Borawska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurodegeneration Diagnostics, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-269 Bialystok, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Agnieszka","family":"S\u0142owik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Jagiellonian University, 30-688 Cracow, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Henrik","family":"Zetterberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, 431 80 M\u00f6lndal, Sweden"},{"name":"Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, 431 80 M\u00f6lndal, Sweden"},{"name":"Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK"},{"name":"UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL, London WC1N 3AR, UK"},{"name":"Hong Kong Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, China"},{"name":"Wisconsin Alzheimer\u2019s Disease Research Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53792-2460, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J\u00f6rg","family":"Hanrieder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, 431 80 M\u00f6lndal, Sweden"},{"name":"Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK"},{"name":"SciLifeLab, University of Gothenburg, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kaj","family":"Blennow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, 431 80 M\u00f6lndal, Sweden"},{"name":"Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, 431 80 M\u00f6lndal, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4075-8479","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Barbara","family":"Mroczko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurodegeneration Diagnostics, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-269 Bialystok, Poland"},{"name":"Department of Biochemical Diagnostics, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-269 Bialystok, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1577","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)32205-4","article-title":"Alzheimer\u2019s Disease","volume":"397","author":"Scheltens","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2017.07.017","article-title":"Biomarkers for Alzheimer Disease: Classical and Novel Candidates\u2019 Review","volume":"370","author":"Said","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1205","DOI":"10.1038\/aps.2017.28","article-title":"Amyloid Beta: Structure, Biology and Structure-Based Therapeutic Development","volume":"38","author":"Chen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acta Pharmacol. Sin."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"726","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(22)00168-5","article-title":"Tau Biomarkers in Alzheimer\u2019s Disease: Towards Implementation in Clinical Practice and Trials","volume":"21","author":"Ossenkoppele","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2022.12.032","article-title":"Hallmarks of Neurodegenerative Diseases","volume":"186","author":"Wilson","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(15)70016-5","article-title":"Neuroinflammation in Alzheimer\u2019s Disease","volume":"14","author":"Heneka","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104580","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2019.104580","article-title":"The Role of Neutrophils in Neuro-Immune Modulation","volume":"151","author":"Kanashiro","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Res."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-023-01486-5","article-title":"Role of Neuroinflammation in Neurodegeneration Development","volume":"8","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Signal Transduct. Target. Ther."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101414","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arr.2021.101414","article-title":"Lipocalin 2 as a Link between Ageing, Risk Factor Conditions and Age-Related Brain Diseases","volume":"70","author":"Dekens","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ageing Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e167","DOI":"10.1038\/cddis.2011.50","article-title":"Astrocytes Are Important Mediators of A\u03b2-Induced Neurotoxicity and Tau Phosphorylation in Primary Culture","volume":"2","author":"Garwood","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2012.05.004","article-title":"Oligomers of \u03b2-Amyloid Protein (A\u03b21-42) Induce the Activation of Cyclooxygenase-2 in Astrocytes via an Interaction with Interleukin-1\u03b2, Tumour Necrosis Factor-\u03b1, and a Nuclear Factor \u03ba-B Mechanism in the Rat Brain","volume":"236","author":"Carrero","year":"2012","journal-title":"Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1038\/nature25158","article-title":"Microglia-Derived ASC Specks Cross-Seed Amyloid-\u03b2 in Alzheimer\u2019s Disease","volume":"552","author":"Venegas","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1186\/1750-1326-4-47","article-title":"Does Neuroinflammation Fan the Flame in Neurodegenerative Diseases?","volume":"4","author":"Alto","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mol. Neurodegener."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1038\/s41582-020-00435-y","article-title":"Neuroinflammation and Microglial Activation in Alzheimer Disease: Where Do We Go from Here?","volume":"17","author":"Leng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exger.2016.12.006","article-title":"A State of Delirium: Deciphering the Effect of Inflammation on Tau Pathology in Alzheimer\u2019s Disease","volume":"94","author":"Barron","year":"2017","journal-title":"Exp. Gerontol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"zsac135","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/zsac135","article-title":"Inflammation, Tau Pathology, and Synaptic Integrity Associated with Sleep Spindles and Memory Prior to \u03b2-Amyloid Positivity","volume":"45","author":"Mander","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1033","DOI":"10.1016\/S1097-2765(02)00708-6","article-title":"The Neutrophil Lipocalin NGAL Is a Bacteriostatic Agent That Interferes with Siderophore-Mediated Iron Acquisition","volume":"10","author":"Goetz","year":"2002","journal-title":"Mol. Cell"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Romejko, K., Markowska, M., and Niemczyk, S. (2023). The Review of Current Knowledge on Neutrophil Gelatinase-Associated Lipocalin (NGAL). Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms241310470"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6391","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.6221-11.2012","article-title":"Genomic Analysis of Reactive Astrogliosis","volume":"32","author":"Zamanian","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1917","DOI":"10.1038\/emboj.2013.122","article-title":"Expression of ALS-Linked TDP-43 Mutant in Astrocytes Causes Non-Cell-Autonomous Motor Neuron Death in Rats","volume":"32","author":"Tong","year":"2013","journal-title":"EMBO J."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"872","DOI":"10.2337\/db09-1541","article-title":"Lipocalin-2 Deficiency Attenuates Insulin Resistance Associated With Aging and Obesity","volume":"59","author":"Law","year":"2010","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5907","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-021-02530-7","article-title":"Lipocalin 2 as a Putative Modulator of Local Inflammatory Processes in the Spinal Cord and Component of Organ Cross Talk After Spinal Cord Injury","volume":"58","author":"Behrens","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mol. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"763","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-160330","article-title":"Neutrophil Gelatinase-Associated Lipocalin and Its Receptors in Alzheimer\u2019s Disease (AD) Brain Regions: Differential Findings in AD with and without Depression","volume":"55","author":"Dekens","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Alzheimer\u2019s Dis."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-14373-2","article-title":"Cerebrospinal Fluid Lipocalin 2 as a Novel Biomarker for the Differential Diagnosis of Vascular Dementia","volume":"11","author":"Llorens","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3644","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.177.6.3644","article-title":"Different Neurotropic Pathogens Elicit Neurotoxic CCR9- or Neurosupportive CXCR3-Expressing Microglia","volume":"177","author":"Li","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2009","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.187.12.2009","article-title":"Interferon\u2013Inducible T Cell Alpha Chemoattractant (I-TAC): A Novel Non-ELR CXC Chemokine with Potent Activity on Activated T Cells through Selective High Affinity Binding to CXCR3","volume":"187","author":"Cole","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2010.06.009","article-title":"Expression Profile of Japanese Encephalitis Virus Induced Neuroinflammation and Its Implication in Disease Severity","volume":"49","author":"Gupta","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Clin. Virol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-019-1601-6","article-title":"Cytokine and Immune Cell Profiling in the Cerebrospinal Fluid of Patients with Neuro-Inflammatory Diseases","volume":"16","author":"Lepennetier","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Neuroinflamm."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114464","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2023.114464","article-title":"Inhibition of TREM-1 Ameliorates Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Depressive-like Behaviors by Alleviating Neuroinflammation in the PFC via PI3K\/Akt Signaling Pathway","volume":"449","author":"Fu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Behav. Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1080\/1040841X.2020.1751060","article-title":"The Role of the Triggering Receptor Expressed on Myeloid Cells-1 (TREM-1) in Non-Bacterial Infections","volume":"46","year":"2020","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1186\/s13041-022-00969-w","article-title":"The Role of Triggering Receptor Expressed on Myeloid Cells-1 (TREM-1) in Central Nervous System Diseases","volume":"15","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Molecular Brain"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2018.03.003","article-title":"Soluble TREM2 and Biomarkers of Central and Peripheral Inflammation in Neurodegenerative Disease","volume":"319","author":"Bekris","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Neuroimmunol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kulczy\u0144ska-Przybik, A., Dulewicz, M., Doroszkiewicz, J., Borawska, R., S\u0142owik, A., Zetterberg, H., Hanrieder, J., Blennow, K., and Mroczko, B. (2023). The Relationships between Cerebrospinal Fluid Glial (CXCL12, CX3CL, YKL-40) and Synaptic Biomarkers (Ng, NPTXR) in Early Alzheimer\u2019s Disease. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms241713166"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Doroszkiewicz, J., Kulczy\u0144ska-Przybik, A., Dulewicz, M., Borawska, R., Zajkowska, M., S\u0142owik, A., and Mroczko, B. (2023). Potential Utility of Cerebrospinal Fluid Glycoprotein Nonmetastatic Melanoma Protein B as a Neuroinflammatory Diagnostic Biomarker in Mild Cognitive Impairment and Alzheimer\u2019s Disease. J. Clin. Med., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12144689"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-0173(99)00007-7","article-title":"Neuroglial Activation Repertoire in the Injured Brain: Graded Response, Molecular Mechanisms and Cues to Physiological Function","volume":"30","author":"Raivich","year":"1999","journal-title":"Brain Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2011.03.023","article-title":"Increased Plasma Levels of Lipocalin 2 in Mild Cognitive Impairment","volume":"305","author":"Choi","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1084","DOI":"10.4103\/1673-5374.382860","article-title":"The MiR-9-5p\/CXCL11 Pathway Is a Key Target of Hydrogen Sulfide-Mediated Inhibition of Neuroinflammation in Hypoxic Ischemic Brain Injury","volume":"19","author":"Zhao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Neural Regen. Res."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"das Neves, S.P., Taipa, R., Marques, F., Soares Costa, P., Mon\u00e1rrez-Espino, J., Palha, J.A., and Kivipelto, M. (2021). Association Between Iron-Related Protein Lipocalin 2 and Cognitive Impairment in Cerebrospinal Fluid and Serum. Front. Aging Neurosci., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2021.663837"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2811","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.11-202457","article-title":"Lipocalin 2: Novel Component of Proinflammatory Signaling in Alzheimer\u2019s Disease","volume":"26","author":"Nyakas","year":"2012","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ros\u00e9n, C., Mattsson, N., Johansson, P.M., Andreasson, U., Wallin, A., Hansson, O., Johansson, J.O., Lamont, J., Svensson, J., and Blennow, K. (2011). Discriminatory Analysis of Biochip-Derived Protein Patterns in CSF and Plasma in Neurodegenerative Diseases. Front. Aging Neurosci., 3.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2011.00001"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101984","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arr.2023.101984","article-title":"Association between Lipocalin-2 and Mild Cognitive Impairment or Dementia: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Population-Based Evidence","volume":"89","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ageing Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4069","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1218497110","article-title":"Reactive Astrocytes Secrete Lcn2 to Promote Neuron Death","volume":"110","author":"Bi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Marques, F., Mesquita, S.D., Sousa, J.C., Coppola, G., Gao, F., Geschwind, D.H., Columba-Cabezas, S., Aloisi, F., Degn, M., and Cerqueira, J.J. (2012). Lipocalin 2 Is Present in the EAE Brain and Is Modulated by Natalizumab. Front. Cell Neurosci., 6.","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2012.00033"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pneurobio.2015.06.005","article-title":"From the Periphery to the Brain: Lipocalin-2, a Friend or Foe?","volume":"131","author":"Ferreira","year":"2015","journal-title":"Prog. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5204","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1301637","article-title":"Phenotypic Polarization of Activated Astrocytes: The Critical Role of Lipocalin-2 in the Classical Inflammatory Activation of Astrocytes","volume":"191","author":"Jang","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1588","DOI":"10.1038\/cdd.2014.68","article-title":"Lipocalin 2 Modulates the Cellular Response to Amyloid Beta","volume":"21","author":"Mesquita","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cell Death Differ."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10425","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)82217-7","article-title":"Isolation and Primary Structure of NGAL, a Novel Protein Associated with Human Neutrophil Gelatinase","volume":"268","author":"Kjeldsen","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.jcbfm.9600557","article-title":"Lipocalin 2 Is a Choroid Plexus Acute-Phase Protein","volume":"28","author":"Marques","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2013.12.023","article-title":"Neutrophil Gelatinase-Associated Lipocalin and Depression in Patients with Chronic Heart Failure","volume":"38","author":"Mommersteeg","year":"2014","journal-title":"Brain Behav. Immun."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ferreira, A.C., Pinto, V., D\u00e1 Mesquita, S., Novais, A., Sousa, J.C., Correia-Neves, M., Sousa, N., Palha, J.A., and Marques, F. (2013). Lipocalin-2 Is Involved in Emotional Behaviors and Cognitive Function. Front. Cell Neurosci., 7.","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2013.00122"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"917","DOI":"10.1038\/nature03104","article-title":"Lipocalin 2 Mediates an Innate Immune Response to Bacterial Infection by Sequestrating Iron","volume":"432","author":"Flo","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2021.07.001","article-title":"Serum and Cerebrospinal Fluid Neutrophil Gelatinase-Associated Lipocalin (NGAL) Levels as Biomarkers for the Conversion from Mild Cognitive Impairment to Alzheimer\u2019s Disease Dementia","volume":"107","author":"Ramakers","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Aging"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"534","DOI":"10.4103\/1673-5374.180372","article-title":"The Choroid Plexus-Cerebrospinal Fluid Interface in Alzheimer\u2019s Disease: More than Just a Barrier","volume":"11","author":"Balusu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neural Regen. Res."},{"key":"ref_54","first-page":"369ra178","article-title":"Early Changes in CSF STREM2 in Dominantly Inherited Alzheimer\u2019s Disease Occur after Amyloid Deposition and Neuronal Injury","volume":"8","author":"Caballero","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1186\/s13024-017-0216-6","article-title":"TREM2 Deficiency Exacerbates Tau Pathology through Dysregulated Kinase Signaling in a Mouse Model of Tauopathy","volume":"12","author":"Bemiller","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mol. Neurodegener."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"925","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-016-1533-5","article-title":"Cerebrospinal Fluid Soluble TREM2 Is Higher in Alzheimer Disease and Associated with Mutation Status","volume":"131","author":"Piccio","year":"2016","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6670","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-42505-x","article-title":"Soluble TREM2 Ameliorates Tau Phosphorylation and Cognitive Deficits through Activating Transgelin-2 in Alzheimer\u2019s Disease","volume":"14","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2011.03.005","article-title":"The Diagnosis of Dementia Due to Alzheimer\u2019s Disease: Recommendations from the National Institute on Aging-Alzheimer\u2019s Association Workgroups on Diagnostic Guidelines for Alzheimer\u2019s Disease","volume":"7","author":"McKhann","year":"2011","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2011.03.008","article-title":"The Diagnosis of Mild Cognitive Impairment Due to Alzheimer\u2019s Disease: Recommendations from the National Institute on Aging-Alzheimer\u2019s Association Workgroups on Diagnostic Guidelines for Alzheimer\u2019s Disease","volume":"7","author":"Albert","year":"2011","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/25\/14\/7543\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T15:12:26Z","timestamp":1760109146000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/25\/14\/7543"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,9]]},"references-count":59,"journal-issue":{"issue":"14","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms25147543"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms25147543","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,9]]}}}