{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,6]],"date-time":"2026-02-06T05:09:31Z","timestamp":1770354571096,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":145,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,11]],"date-time":"2024-07-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1720656000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Pancreatic cancer (PC) is an increasing cause of cancer-related death, with a dismal prognosis caused by its aggressive biology, the lack of clinical symptoms in the early phases of the disease, and the inefficacy of treatments. PC is characterized by a complex tumor microenvironment. The interaction of its cellular components plays a crucial role in tumor development and progression, contributing to the alteration of metabolism and cellular hyperproliferation, as well as to metastatic evolution and abnormal tumor-associated immunity. Furthermore, in response to intrinsic oncogenic alterations and the influence of the tumor microenvironment, cancer cells undergo a complex oncogene-directed metabolic reprogramming that includes changes in glucose utilization, lipid and amino acid metabolism, redox balance, and activation of recycling and scavenging pathways. The advent of omics sciences is revolutionizing the comprehension of the pathogenetic conundrum of pancreatic carcinogenesis. In particular, metabolomics and genomics has led to a more precise classification of PC into subtypes that show different biological behaviors and responses to treatments. The identification of molecular targets through the pharmacogenomic approach may help to personalize treatments. Novel specific biomarkers have been discovered using proteomics and metabolomics analyses. Radiomics allows for an earlier diagnosis through the computational analysis of imaging. However, the complexity, high expertise required, and costs of the omics approach are the main limitations for its use in clinical practice at present. In addition, the studies of extracellular vesicles (EVs), the use of organoids, the understanding of host\u2013microbiota interactions, and more recently the advent of artificial intelligence are helping to make further steps towards precision and personalized medicine. This present review summarizes the main evidence for the application of omics sciences to the study of PC and the identification of future perspectives.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25147623","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,12]],"date-time":"2024-07-12T08:47:41Z","timestamp":1720774061000},"page":"7623","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Understanding the Conundrum of Pancreatic Cancer in the Omics Sciences Era"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Alberto","family":"Nicoletti","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"CEMAD Centro Malattie dell\u2019Apparato Digerente, Medicina Interna e Gastroenterologia, Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia Traslazionale, Universit\u00e0 Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario \u201cA. Gemelli\u201d IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7546-8041","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mattia","family":"Paratore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CEMAD Centro Malattie dell\u2019Apparato Digerente, Medicina Interna e Gastroenterologia, Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia Traslazionale, Universit\u00e0 Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario \u201cA. Gemelli\u201d IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5999-6197","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Federica","family":"Vitale","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CEMAD Centro Malattie dell\u2019Apparato Digerente, Medicina Interna e Gastroenterologia, Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia Traslazionale, Universit\u00e0 Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario \u201cA. Gemelli\u201d IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7734-0538","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marcantonio","family":"Negri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CEMAD Centro Malattie dell\u2019Apparato Digerente, Medicina Interna e Gastroenterologia, Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia Traslazionale, Universit\u00e0 Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario \u201cA. Gemelli\u201d IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Giuseppe","family":"Quero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro Pancreas, Chirurgia Digestiva, Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia Traslazionale, Universit\u00e0 Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario \u201cA. Gemelli\u201d IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-8296-168X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giorgio","family":"Esposto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CEMAD Centro Malattie dell\u2019Apparato Digerente, Medicina Interna e Gastroenterologia, Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia Traslazionale, Universit\u00e0 Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario \u201cA. Gemelli\u201d IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8192-631X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Irene","family":"Mignini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CEMAD Centro Malattie dell\u2019Apparato Digerente, Medicina Interna e Gastroenterologia, Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia Traslazionale, Universit\u00e0 Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario \u201cA. Gemelli\u201d IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sergio","family":"Alfieri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro Pancreas, Chirurgia Digestiva, Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia Traslazionale, Universit\u00e0 Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario \u201cA. Gemelli\u201d IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6230-1779","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonio","family":"Gasbarrini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CEMAD Centro Malattie dell\u2019Apparato Digerente, Medicina Interna e Gastroenterologia, Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia Traslazionale, Universit\u00e0 Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario \u201cA. Gemelli\u201d IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0814-9542","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Assunta","family":"Zocco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CEMAD Centro Malattie dell\u2019Apparato Digerente, Medicina Interna e Gastroenterologia, Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia Traslazionale, Universit\u00e0 Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario \u201cA. Gemelli\u201d IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0908-2690","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lorenzo","family":"Zileri Dal Verme","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CEMAD Centro Malattie dell\u2019Apparato Digerente, Medicina Interna e Gastroenterologia, Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia Traslazionale, Universit\u00e0 Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario \u201cA. Gemelli\u201d IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2913","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-14-0155","article-title":"Projecting cancer incidence and deaths to 2030: The unexpected burden of thyroid, liver, and pancreas cancers in the United States","volume":"74","author":"Rahib","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16022","DOI":"10.1038\/nrdp.2016.22","article-title":"Pancreatic cancer","volume":"2","author":"Kleeff","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Dis. Primers"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1038\/s41571-018-0112-1","article-title":"Optimizing the outcomes of pancreatic cancer surgery","volume":"16","author":"Strobel","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"GBD2017 Pancreatic Cancer Collaborators (2019). The global, regional, and national burden of pancreatic cancer and its attributable risk factors in 195 countries and territories, 1990\u20132017: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017. Lancet Gastroenterol. Hepatol., 4, 934\u2013947."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"744","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2020.10.007","article-title":"Worldwide Burden of, Risk Factors for, and Trends in Pancreatic Cancer","volume":"160","author":"Huang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1038\/s41571-020-0363-5","article-title":"The tumour microenvironment in pancreatic cancer\u2014Clinical challenges and opportunities","volume":"17","author":"Ho","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"500","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.2344","article-title":"Subtypes of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma and their differing responses to therapy","volume":"17","author":"Collisson","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1168","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.3398","article-title":"Virtual microdissection identifies distinct tumor- and stroma-specific subtypes of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma","volume":"47","author":"Moffitt","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1999","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2018.08.033","article-title":"Stratification of Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinomas Based on Tumor and Microenvironment Features","volume":"155","author":"Puleo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1038\/s41588-019-0566-9","article-title":"Transcription phenotypes of pancreatic cancer are driven by genomic events during tumor evolution","volume":"52","author":"Kim","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhou, X., Hu, K., Bailey, P., Springfeld, C., Roth, S., Kurilov, R., Brors, B., Gress, T., Buchholz, M., and An, J. (2021). Clinical Impact of Molecular Subtyping of Pancreatic Cancer. Front. Cell Dev. Biol., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2021.743908"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1002\/mco2.37","article-title":"The biological role of metabolic reprogramming in pancreatic cancer","volume":"1","author":"Suzuki","year":"2020","journal-title":"Medcomm"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"646","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2011.02.013","article-title":"Hallmarks of cancer: The next generation","volume":"144","author":"Hanahan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, Z., Hayashi, H., Matsumura, K., Uemura, N., Shiraishi, Y., Sato, H., and Baba, H. (2023). Biological and Clinical Impacts of Glucose Metabolism in Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma. Cancers, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers15020498"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1038\/nature12040","article-title":"Glutamine supports pancreatic cancer growth through a KRAS-regulated metabolic pathway","volume":"496","author":"Son","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1038\/nature14190","article-title":"Nutrient-sensing mechanisms and pathways","volume":"517","author":"Efeyan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1234","DOI":"10.1002\/cac2.12360","article-title":"Lipid metabolism in pancreatic cancer: Emerging roles and potential targets","volume":"42","author":"Yin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cancer Commun."},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"811","article-title":"Mutant GNAS drives pancreatic tumourigenesis by inducing PKA-mediated SIK suppression and reprogramming lipid metabolism","volume":"20","author":"Patra","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6339","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-20154-8","article-title":"Ferroptotic damage promotes pancreatic tumorigenesis through a TMEM173\/STING-dependent DNA sensor pathway","volume":"11","author":"Dai","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.1158\/2159-8290.CD-18-0567","article-title":"Acetyl-CoA Metabolism Supports Multistep Pancreatic Tumorigenesis","volume":"9","author":"Carrer","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cancer Discov."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"612","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2015.05.108","article-title":"Up-regulation of fatty acid synthase induced by EGFR\/ERK activation promotes tumor growth in pancreatic cancer","volume":"463","author":"Bian","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6683","DOI":"10.21873\/anticanres.13036","article-title":"Glutamine Deprivation Enhances Acetyl-CoA Carboxylase Inhibitor-induced Death of Human Pancreatic Cancer Cells","volume":"38","author":"Nishi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Anticancer. Res."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1729","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2023.02.014","article-title":"Pancreatic cancer: Advances and challenges","volume":"186","author":"Halbrook","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E4410","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1501605112","article-title":"Metabolite profiling stratifies pancreatic ductal adenocarcinomas into subtypes with distinct sensitivities to metabolic inhibitors","volume":"112","author":"Daemen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2018.06.003","article-title":"Pan-Cancer Metabolic Signature Predicts Co-Dependency on Glutaminase and De Novo Glutathione Synthesis Linked to a High-Mesenchymal Cell State","volume":"28","author":"Daemen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"El Kaoutari, A., Fraunhoffer, N.A., Hoare, O., Teyssedou, C., Soubeyran, P., Gayet, O., Roques, J., Lomberk, G., Urrutia, R., and Dusetti, N. (2021). Metabolomic profiling of pancreatic adenocarcinoma reveals key features driving clinical outcome and drug resistance. EBioMedicine, 66.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2021.103332"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yu, M., Zhou, Q., Zhou, Y., Fu, Z., Tan, L., Ye, X., Zeng, B., Gao, W., Zhou, J., and Liu, Y. (2015). Metabolic Phenotypes in Pancreatic Cancer. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0115153"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1007\/s11306-009-0178-y","article-title":"Capillary electrophoresis mass spectrometry-based saliva metabolomics identified oral, breast and pancreatic cancer-specific profiles","volume":"6","author":"Sugimoto","year":"2009","journal-title":"Metabolomics"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68899","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.20324","article-title":"Metabolomic biomarkers of pancreatic cancer: A meta-analysis study","volume":"8","author":"Mehta","year":"2017","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104805","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2020.104805","article-title":"Metabolomics identified new biomarkers for the precise diagnosis of pancreatic cancer and associated tissue metastasis","volume":"156","author":"Luo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Res."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2016-312432","article-title":"Metabolic biomarker signature to differentiate pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma from chronic pancreatitis","volume":"67","author":"Mayerle","year":"2017","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1407","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2022.07.047","article-title":"Independent Validation and Assay Standardization of Improved Metabolic Biomarker Signature to Differentiate Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma from Chronic Pancreatitis","volume":"163","author":"Mahajan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mahajan, U.M., Alnatsha, A., Li, Q., Oehrle, B., Weiss, F.-U., Sendler, M., Distler, M., Uhl, W., Fahlbusch, T., and Goni, E. (2021). Plasma Metabolome Profiling Identifies Metabolic Subtypes of Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma. Cells, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells10071821"},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"256","article-title":"Cancer biomarker discovery and validation","volume":"4","author":"Goossens","year":"2015","journal-title":"Transl. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1038\/nature01514","article-title":"Disease proteomics","volume":"422","author":"Hanash","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1093\/chromsci\/bmw167","article-title":"Proteomics: Technologies and Their Applications","volume":"55","author":"Aslam","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Chromatogr. Sci."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2769","DOI":"10.1177\/0300060518772413","article-title":"Osteonectin as a screening marker for pancreatic cancer: A prospective study","volume":"46","author":"Papapanagiotou","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Int. Med. Res."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2946","DOI":"10.1111\/cas.13737","article-title":"Exosomal zinc transporter ZIP4 promotes cancer growth and is a novel diagnostic biomarker for pancreatic cancer","volume":"109","author":"Jin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cancer Sci."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Saukkonen, K., Hagstr\u00f6m, J., Mustonen, H., Juuti, A., Nordling, S., Kallio, P., Alitalo, K., Sepp\u00e4nen, H., and Haglund, C. (2016). PROX1 and \u03b2-catenin are prognostic markers in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. BMC Cancer, 16.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12885-016-2497-5"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pan.2014.10.008","article-title":"Evaluation of circulating ADH and MIC-1 as diagnostic markers in Egyptian patients with pancreatic cancer","volume":"15","author":"Mohamed","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pancreatology"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"djw266","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/djw266","article-title":"Sequential Validation of Blood-Based Protein Biomarker Candidates for Early-Stage Pancreatic Cancer","volume":"109","author":"Capello","year":"2016","journal-title":"JNCI J. Natl. Cancer Inst."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yoneyama, T., Ohtsuki, S., Honda, K., Kobayashi, M., Iwasaki, M., Uchida, Y., Okusaka, T., Nakamori, S., Shimahara, M., and Ueno, T. (2016). Identification of IGFBP2 and IGFBP3 As Compensatory Biomarkers for CA19-9 in Early-Stage Pancreatic Cancer Using a Combination of Antibody-Based and LC-MS\/MS-Based Proteomics. PLoS ONE, 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0161009"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1186\/1479-5876-7-105","article-title":"Identification of a biomarker panel using a multiplex proximity ligation assay improves accuracy of pancreatic cancer diagnosis","volume":"7","author":"Chang","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"805","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-10-0248","article-title":"Serum Biomarker Panels for the Detection of Pancreatic Cancer","volume":"17","author":"Brand","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jprot.2010.08.006","article-title":"Discovery of putative pancreatic cancer biomarkers using subcellular proteomics","volume":"74","author":"McKinney","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Proteom."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1097\/01.mpa.0000250128.57026.b2","article-title":"Identification of Potential Markers for the Detection of Pancreatic Cancer Through Comparative Serum Protein Expression Profiling","volume":"34","author":"Ehmann","year":"2007","journal-title":"Pancreas"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nicoletti, A., Vitale, F., Quero, G., Paratore, M., Fiorillo, C., Negri, M., Carlino, A., Inzani, F., Gasbarrini, A., and Alfieri, S. (2023). Immunohistochemical Evaluation of the Expression of Specific Membrane Antigens in Patients with Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma. Cancers, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers15184586"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19609","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1908626116","article-title":"Proteomic analyses of ECM during pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma progression reveal different contributions by tumor and stromal cells","volume":"116","author":"Tian","year":"2019","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2019.04.008","article-title":"Quantitative proteomics identifies brain acid soluble protein 1 (BASP1) as a prognostic biomarker candidate in pancreatic cancer tissue","volume":"43","author":"Zhou","year":"2019","journal-title":"EBioMedicine"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1290","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bjc.6604677","article-title":"High expression of TROP2 correlates with poor prognosis in pancreatic cancer","volume":"99","author":"Fong","year":"2008","journal-title":"Br. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4953","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms12084953","article-title":"Low Expression of TBX4 Predicts Poor Prognosis in Patients with Stage II Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma","volume":"12","author":"Zong","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_52","first-page":"1776","article-title":"Heat shock protein 27 as a prognostic and predictive biomarker in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma","volume":"16","author":"Seeliger","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Cell. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5200","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.25303","article-title":"Deoxycitidine kinase is associated with prolonged survival after adjuvant gemcitabine for resected pancreatic adenocarcinoma","volume":"116","author":"Mackey","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mann, C.D., Bastianpillai, C., Neal, C.P., Masood, M.M., Jones, D.J.L., Teichert, F., Singh, R., Karpova, E., Berry, D.P., and Manson, M.M. (2012). Notch3 and Hey-1 as Prognostic Biomarkers in Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma. PLoS ONE, 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0051119"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"782","DOI":"10.1097\/MPA.0000000000000847","article-title":"Exosomal Markers (CD63 and CD9) Expression Pattern Using Immunohistochemistry in Resected Malignant and Nonmalignant Pancreatic Specimens","volume":"46","author":"Khushman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pancreas"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schultz, N.A., Christensen, I.J., Werner, J., Giese, N., Jensen, B.V., Larsen, O., Bjerregaard, J.K., Pfeiffer, P., Calatayud, D., and Nielsen, S.E. (2013). Diagnostic and Prognostic Impact of Circulating YKL-40, IL-6, and CA 19.9 in Patients with Pancreatic Cancer. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0067059"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1186\/s12935-019-0980-1","article-title":"Differential secretome of pancreatic cancer cells in serum-containing conditioned medium reveals CCT8 as a new biomarker of pancreatic cancer invasion and metastasis","volume":"19","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cancer Cell Int."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4282","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-12-1840","article-title":"Putative Predictive Biomarkers of Survival in Patients with Metastatic Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma Treated with Gemcitabine and Ganitumab, an IGF1R Inhibitor","volume":"19","author":"McCaffery","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1038\/s43018-022-00349-2","article-title":"Translational advances in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma therapy","volume":"3","author":"Hosein","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2693","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.21.02514","article-title":"Moving the Needle on Precision Medicine in Pancreatic Cancer","volume":"40","author":"Lowery","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1038\/nature14169","article-title":"Whole genomes redefine the mutational landscape of pancreatic cancer","volume":"518","author":"Waddell","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2704","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-21-3581","article-title":"Molecular Characterization of KRAS Wild-type Tumors in Patients with Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma","volume":"28","author":"Philip","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1194","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/djab038","article-title":"Early-Onset Pancreas Cancer: Clinical Descriptors, Genomics, and Outcomes","volume":"113","author":"Varghese","year":"2021","journal-title":"JNCI J. Natl. Cancer Inst."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2185","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-18-3042","article-title":"Genomic Landscape of Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma in Younger versus Older Patients: Does Age Matter?","volume":"25","author":"Elkabets","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1080\/15384047.2021.2017223","article-title":"Target c-Myc to treat pancreatic cancer","volume":"23","author":"Ala","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cancer Biol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, Q., Li, Z., Zhou, S., Li, Z., Huang, X., He, Y., Zhang, Y., Zhao, X., Tang, Y., and Xu, M. (2023). NCAPG2 could be an immunological and prognostic biomarker: From pan-cancer analysis to pancreatic cancer validation. Front. Immunol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1097403"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1903387","article-title":"Maintenance Olaparib for Germline BRCA-Mutated Metastatic Pancreatic Cancer","volume":"381","author":"Golan","year":"2019","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"508","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(20)30074-7","article-title":"Overall survival in patients with pancreatic cancer receiving matched therapies following molecular profiling: A retrospective analysis of the Know Your Tumor registry trial","volume":"21","author":"Pishvaian","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2171","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-022-02007-7","article-title":"Anti-tumor efficacy of a potent and selective non-covalent KRASG12D inhibitor","volume":"28","author":"Hallin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2208470","article-title":"Sotorasib in KRAS p.G12C\u2013Mutated Advanced Pancreatic Cancer","volume":"388","author":"Strickler","year":"2023","journal-title":"New Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4097","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.23.00434","article-title":"Adagrasib in Advanced Solid Tumors Harboring a KRASG12C Mutation","volume":"41","author":"Yaeger","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"751","DOI":"10.5858\/arpa.2016-0527-OA","article-title":"Validation of OncoPanel: A Targeted Next-Generation Sequencing Assay for the Detection of Somatic Variants in Cancer","volume":"141","author":"Garcia","year":"2017","journal-title":"Arch. Pathol. Lab. Med."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1038\/nrc.2017.99","article-title":"Non-coding RNA networks in cancer","volume":"18","author":"Anastasiadou","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23743","DOI":"10.3402\/jev.v3.23743","article-title":"Exosomes provide a protective and enriched source of miRNA for biomarker profiling compared to intracellular and cell-free blood","volume":"3","author":"Cheng","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Extracell. Vesicles"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Reese, M., Flammang, I., Yang, Z., and Dhayat, S.A. (2020). Potential of Exosomal microRNA-200b as Liquid Biopsy Marker in Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma. Cancers, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers12010197"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5226","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-09-4227","article-title":"Pancreatic Cancers Epigenetically Silence SIP1 and Hypomethylate and Overexpress miR-200a\/200b in Association with Elevated Circulating miR-200a and miR-200b Levels","volume":"70","author":"Li","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_77","first-page":"2062","article-title":"Elevated expression of exosomal microRNA-21 as a potential biomarker for the early diagnosis of pancreatic cancer using a tethered cationic lipoplex nanoparticle biochip","volume":"19","author":"Pu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Oncol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1186\/1477-7819-11-219","article-title":"Analysis of serum exosomal microRNAs and clinicopathologic features of patients with pancreatic adenocarcinoma","volume":"11","author":"Que","year":"2013","journal-title":"World J. Surg. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"454","DOI":"10.1038\/s43018-023-00526-x","article-title":"Single-cell profiling to explore pancreatic cancer heterogeneity, plasticity and response to therapy","volume":"4","author":"Rad","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1038\/s41587-019-0392-8","article-title":"Integrating microarray-based spatial transcriptomics and single-cell RNA-seq reveals tissue architecture in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinomas","volume":"38","author":"Moncada","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2021.11.017","article-title":"Microenvironment drives cell state, plasticity, and drug response in pancreatic cancer","volume":"184","author":"Raghavan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1178","DOI":"10.1038\/s41588-022-01134-8","article-title":"Single-nucleus and spatial transcriptome profiling of pancreatic cancer identifies multicellular dynamics associated with neoadjuvant treatment","volume":"54","author":"Hwang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1390","DOI":"10.1038\/s41588-022-01157-1","article-title":"Spatially restricted drivers and transitional cell populations cooperate with the microenvironment in untreated and chemo-resistant pancreatic cancer","volume":"54","author":"Zhou","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1038\/s43018-021-00326-1","article-title":"Selective multi-kinase inhibition sensitizes mesenchymal pancreatic cancer to immune checkpoint blockade by remodeling the tumor microenvironment","volume":"3","author":"Widholz","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1191","DOI":"10.1093\/annonc\/mdx034","article-title":"Promises and challenges for the implementation of computational medical imaging (radiomics) in oncology","volume":"28","author":"Limkin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E256","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2021219005","article-title":"The Biological Meaning of Radiomic Features","volume":"299","author":"Tomaszewski","year":"2021","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20220072","DOI":"10.1259\/bjr.20220072","article-title":"Pancreatic cancer, radiomics and artificial intelligence","volume":"95","author":"Beveridge","year":"2022","journal-title":"Br. J. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fusco, R., Granata, V., and Petrillo, A. (2020). Introduction to Special Issue of Radiology and Imaging of Cancer. Cancers, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers12092665"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"444","DOI":"10.1007\/s11547-017-0742-x","article-title":"Development of imaging biomarkers and generation of big data","volume":"122","year":"2017","journal-title":"La Radiol. medica"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1097\/RCT.0000000000001049","article-title":"Differentiation of Focal-Type Autoimmune Pancreatitis From Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma Using Radiomics Based on Multiphasic Computed Tomography","volume":"44","author":"E","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Comput. Assist. Tomogr."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kaissis, G., Ziegelmayer, S., Loh\u00f6fer, F., Steiger, K., Alg\u00fcl, H., Muckenhuber, A., Yen, H.-Y., Rummeny, E., Friess, H., and Schmid, R. (2019). A machine learning algorithm predicts molecular subtypes in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma with differential response to gemcitabine-based versus FOLFIRINOX chemotherapy. PLoS ONE, 14.","DOI":"10.1101\/664540"},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kaissis, G.A., Ziegelmayer, S., Loh\u00f6fer, F.K., Harder, F.N., Jungmann, F., Sasse, D., Muckenhuber, A., Yen, H.-Y., Steiger, K., and Siveke, J. (2020). Image-Based Molecular Phenotyping of Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma. J. Clin. Med., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm9030724"},{"key":"ref_93","first-page":"3684","article-title":"Pancreatic cancer detection and characterization: State of the art and radiomics","volume":"25","author":"Granata","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. Rev. Med. Pharmacol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diii.2020.03.002","article-title":"Differentiating autoimmune pancreatitis from pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma with CT radiomics features","volume":"101","author":"Park","year":"2020","journal-title":"Diagn. Interv. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.2214\/AJR.18.20901","article-title":"Utility of CT Radiomics Features in Differentiation of Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma From Normal Pancreatic Tissue","volume":"213","author":"Chu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am. J. Roentgenol."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1435","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2022.06.066","article-title":"Radiomics-based Machine-learning Models Can Detect Pancreatic Cancer on Prediagnostic Computed Tomography Scans at a Substantial Lead Time Before Clinical Diagnosis","volume":"163","author":"Mukherjee","year":"2022","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1086","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gie.2008.04.031","article-title":"Neural network analysis of dynamic sequences of EUS elastography used for the differential diagnosis of chronic pancreatitis and pancreatic cancer","volume":"68","author":"Vilmann","year":"2008","journal-title":"Gastrointest. Endosc."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1195","DOI":"10.1097\/MPA.0000000000001404","article-title":"Relationship Between Radiomics and Risk of Lymph Node Metastasis in Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma","volume":"48","author":"Bian","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pancreas"},{"key":"ref_99","first-page":"1113","article-title":"Applying a radiomics-based strategy to preoperatively predict lymph node metastasis in the resectable pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma","volume":"28","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. X-Ray Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6469","DOI":"10.2147\/CMAR.S185865","article-title":"A radiomics-based formula for the preoperative prediction of postoperative pancreatic fistula in patients with pancreaticoduodenectomy","volume":"10","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cancer Manag. Res."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, J., Shi, Z., Liu, F., Fang, X., Cao, K., Meng, Y., Zhang, H., Yu, J., Feng, X., and Li, Q. (2021). XGBoost Classifier Based on Computed Tomography Radiomics for Prediction of Tumor-Infiltrating CD8+ T-Cells in Patients With Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma. Front. Oncol., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2021.671333"},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1901","DOI":"10.1177\/0003134820982557","article-title":"Pure and Hybrid Deep Learning Models can Predict Pathologic Tumor Response to Neoadjuvant Therapy in Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma: A Pilot Study","volume":"87","author":"Watson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. Surg."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejrad.2019.02.009","article-title":"Unresectable pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma: Role of CT quantitative imaging biomarkers for predicting outcomes of patients treated with chemotherapy","volume":"113","author":"Cheng","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. J. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Parr, E., Du, Q., Zhang, C., Lin, C., Kamal, A., McAlister, J., Liang, X., Bavitz, K., Rux, G., and Hollingsworth, M. (2020). Radiomics-Based Outcome Prediction for Pancreatic Cancer Following Stereotactic Body Radiotherapy. Cancers, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers12041051"},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cozzi, L., Comito, T., Fogliata, A., Franzese, C., Franceschini, D., Bonifacio, C., Tozzi, A., Di Brina, L., Clerici, E., and Tomatis, S. (2019). Computed tomography based radiomic signature as predictive of survival and local control after stereotactic body radiation therapy in pancreatic carcinoma. PLoS ONE, 14.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0210758"},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1034","DOI":"10.1245\/s10434-017-6323-3","article-title":"Survival Prediction in Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma by Quantitative Computed Tomography Image Analysis","volume":"25","author":"Attiyeh","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann. Surg. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wei, R., Lin, K., Yan, W., Guo, Y., Wang, Y., Li, J., and Zhu, J. (2019). Computer-Aided Diagnosis of Pancreas Serous Cystic Neoplasms: A Radiomics Method on Preoperative MDCT Images. Technol. Cancer Res. Treat., 18.","DOI":"10.1177\/1533033818824339"},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huang, W.-P., Liu, S.-Y., Han, Y.-J., Li, L.-M., Liang, P., and Gao, J.-B. (2021). Development of CT-Based Imaging Signature for Preoperative Prediction of Invasive Behavior in Pancreatic Solid Pseudopapillary Neoplasm. Front. Oncol., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2021.677814"},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"602","DOI":"10.1177\/0003134820953779","article-title":"Use of Artificial Intelligence Deep Learning to Determine the Malignant Potential of Pancreatic Cystic Neoplasms With Preoperative Computed Tomography Imaging","volume":"87","author":"Watson","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am. Surg."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"805","DOI":"10.1097\/MPA.0000000000001327","article-title":"Deep Learning to Classify Intraductal Papillary Mucinous Neoplasms Using Magnetic Resonance Imaging","volume":"48","author":"Corral","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pancreas"},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00045-8","DOI":"10.14309\/ctg.0000000000000045","article-title":"Usefulness of Deep Learning Analysis for the Diagnosis of Malignancy in Intraductal Papillary Mucinous Neoplasms of the Pancreas","volume":"10","author":"Kuwahara","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Transl. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5883","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-17-3668","article-title":"A Visually Apparent and Quantifiable CT Imaging Feature Identifies Biophysical Subtypes of Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma","volume":"24","author":"Koay","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chakraborty, J., Langdon-Embry, L., Cunanan, K.M., Escalon, J.G., Allen, P.J., Lowery, M.A., O\u2019reilly, E.M., G\u00f6nen, M., Do, R.G., and Simpson, A.L. (2017). Preliminary study of tumor heterogeneity in imaging predicts two year survival in pancreatic cancer patients. PLoS ONE, 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0188022"},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejrad.2017.02.033","article-title":"Resectable pancreatic adenocarcinoma: Role of CT quantitative imaging biomarkers for predicting pathology and patient outcomes","volume":"90","author":"Cassinotto","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. J. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1253","DOI":"10.1038\/s41416-020-0997-1","article-title":"Radiogenomics for predicting p53 status, PD-L1 expression, and prognosis with machine learning in pancreatic cancer","volume":"123","author":"Iwatate","year":"2020","journal-title":"Br. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Su, Y., Wang, F., Lei, Z., Li, J., Ma, M., Yan, Y., Zhang, W., Chen, X., Xu, B., and Hu, T. (2023). An Integrated Multi-Omics Analysis Identifying Immune Subtypes of Pancreatic Cancer. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25010142"},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"891","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2023.05.036","article-title":"Spatially Resolved Multi-Omics Single-Cell Analyses Inform Mechanisms of Immune Dysfunction in Pancreatic Cancer","volume":"165","author":"Yousuf","year":"2023","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112620","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2023.112620","article-title":"Multi-omics analysis reveals the chemoresistance mechanism of proliferating tissue-resident macrophages in PDAC via metabolic adaptation","volume":"42","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, X., Du, Y., Jiang, W., Dong, S., Li, W., Tang, H., Yi, J., Zhou, W., and Zhang, H. (2023). Integrated transcriptomics, proteomics and metabolomics-based analysis uncover TAM2-associated glycolysis and pyruvate metabolic remodeling in pancreatic cancer. Front. Immunol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1170223"},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhao, Y., Tang, J., Jiang, K., Liu, S.-Y., Aicher, A., and Heeschen, C. (2023). Liquid biopsy in pancreatic cancer\u2014Current perspective and future outlook. Biochim. Biophys. Acta (BBA) Rev. Cancer, 1878.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbcan.2023.188868"},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pan.2020.11.022","article-title":"Circulating tumour cells in pancreatic cancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis of clinicopathological implications","volume":"21","author":"Pang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pancreatology"},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nicoletti, A., Negri, M., Paratore, M., Vitale, F., Ainora, M.E., Nista, E.C., Gasbarrini, A., Zocco, M.A., and Verme, L.Z.D. (2023). Diagnostic and Prognostic Role of Extracellular Vesicles in Pancreatic Cancer: Current Evidence and Future Perspectives. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24010885"},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1038\/nature14581","article-title":"Glypican-1 identifies cancer exosomes and detects early pancreatic cancer","volume":"523","author":"Melo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19006","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.24873","article-title":"Glypican-1 is enriched in circulating-exosomes in pancreatic cancer and correlates with tumor burden","volume":"9","author":"Frampton","year":"2018","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1045","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.26620","article-title":"Glypican-1 and glycoprotein 2 bearing extracellular vesicles do not discern pancreatic cancer from benign pancreatic diseases","volume":"10","author":"Lucien","year":"2019","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Konoshenko, M.Y., Lekchnov, E.A., Vlassov, A.V., and Laktionov, P.P. (2018). Isolation of Extracellular Vesicles: General Methodologies and Latest Trends. BioMed Res. Int., 2018.","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/8545347"},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12404","DOI":"10.1002\/jev2.12404","article-title":"Minimal information for studies of extracellular vesicles (MISEV2023): From basic to advanced approaches","volume":"13","author":"Welsh","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Extracell. Vesicles"},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yeon, S.-E., No, D.Y., Lee, S.-H., Nam, S.W., Oh, I.-H., Lee, J., and Kuh, H.-J. (2013). Application of Concave Microwells to Pancreatic Tumor Spheroids Enabling Anticancer Drug Evaluation in a Clinically Relevant Drug Resistance Model. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0073345"},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"701","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.1951","article-title":"Sustained in vitro intestinal epithelial culture within a Wnt-dependent stem cell niche","volume":"15","author":"Ootani","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sereti, E., Papapostolou, I., and Dimas, K. (2023). Pancreatic Cancer Organoids: An Emerging Platform for Precision Medicine?. Biomedicines, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines11030890"},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2014.12.021","article-title":"Organoid Models of Human and Mouse Ductal Pancreatic Cancer","volume":"160","author":"Boj","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1972","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2018.11.021","article-title":"Organoid Modeling of the Tumor Immune Microenvironment","volume":"175","author":"Neal","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"863","DOI":"10.1097\/MPA.0000000000000543","article-title":"Optical Imaging of Drug-Induced Metabolism Changes in Murine and Human Pancreatic Cancer Organoids Reveals Heterogeneous Drug Response","volume":"45","author":"Walsh","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pancreas"},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1112","DOI":"10.1158\/2159-8290.CD-18-0349","article-title":"Organoid Profiling Identifies Common Responders to Chemotherapy in Pancreatic Cancer","volume":"8","author":"Tiriac","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cancer Discov."},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26580","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1911273116","article-title":"Pancreatic cancer organoids recapitulate disease and allow personalized drug screening","volume":"116","author":"Driehuis","year":"2019","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eabc4552","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abc4552","article-title":"The microbiome and human cancer","volume":"371","author":"Zitvogel","year":"2021","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Papa, V., Schepis, T., Coppola, G., Chiappetta, M.F., Del Vecchio, L.E., Rozera, T., Quero, G., Gasbarrini, A., Alfieri, S., and Papa, A. (2023). The Role of Microbiota in Pancreatic Cancer. Cancers, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers15123143"},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1359","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2021-324755","article-title":"A faecal microbiota signature with high specificity for pancreatic cancer","volume":"71","author":"Kartal","year":"2022","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-023-05728-y","article-title":"Microbiota-derived 3-IAA influences chemotherapy efficacy in pancreatic cancer","volume":"615","author":"Tintelnot","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1016\/S0306-3623(98)00032-9","article-title":"Effect of Indole Acetic Acid on Oxygen Metabolism in Cultured Rat Neutrophil","volume":"31","author":"Curi","year":"1998","journal-title":"Gen. Pharmacol. Vasc. Syst."},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19281","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-76465-9","article-title":"Association between neutropenia and survival to nab-paclitaxel and gemcitabine in patients with metastatic pancreatic cancer","volume":"10","author":"Roviello","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Boicean, A., Ichim, C., Todor, S.B., Anderco, P., and Popa, M.L. (2024). The Importance of Microbiota and Fecal Microbiota Transplantation in Pancreatic Disorders. Diagnostics, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics14090861"},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"690","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-022-01779-2","article-title":"Targeting the gut and tumor microbiota in cancer","volume":"28","author":"Park","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1038\/s43018-023-00697-7","article-title":"Artificial intelligence uses multi-omic data to predict pancreatic cancer outcomes","volume":"5","author":"Osipov","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.20517\/ais.2022.38","article-title":"Potential of artificial intelligence in the risk stratification for and early detection of pancreatic cancer","volume":"3","author":"Tovar","year":"2023","journal-title":"Artif. Intell. Surg."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/25\/14\/7623\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T15:15:09Z","timestamp":1760109309000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/25\/14\/7623"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,11]]},"references-count":145,"journal-issue":{"issue":"14","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms25147623"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms25147623","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,11]]}}}