{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]],"date-time":"2026-08-14T05:38:15Z","timestamp":1786685895785,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,12]],"date-time":"2024-07-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1720742400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Mitochondria play a crucial role in adapting to fluctuating energy demands, particularly in various heart diseases. This study investigates mitochondrial morphology near intercalated discs in left ventricular (LV) heart tissues, comparing samples from patients with sinus rhythm (SR), atrial fibrillation (AF), dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM), and ischemic cardiomyopathy (ICM). Methods: Transmission electron microscopy was used to analyze mitochondria within 0\u20133.5 \u03bcm and 3.5\u20137 \u03bcm of intercalated discs in 9 SR, 10 AF, 9 DCM, and 8 ICM patient samples. Parameters included mean size in \u00b5m2 and elongation, count, percental mitochondrial area in the measuring frame, and a conglomeration score. Results: AF patients exhibited higher counts of small mitochondria in the LV myocardium, resembling SR. DCM and ICM groups had fewer, larger, and often hydropic mitochondria. Accumulation rates and percental mitochondrial area were similar across groups. Significant positive correlations existed between other defects\/size and hydropic mitochondria and between count\/area and conglomeration score, while negative correlations between count and size\/other defects and between hydropic mitochondria and count could be seen as well. Conclusion: Mitochondrial parameters in the LV myocardium of AF patients were similar to those of SR patients, while DCM and ICM displayed distinct changes, including a decrease in number, an increase in size, and compromised mitochondrial morphology. Further research is needed to fully elucidate the pathophysiological role of mitochondrial morphology in different heart diseases, providing deeper insights into potential therapeutic targets and interventions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25147644","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,12]],"date-time":"2024-07-12T08:47:41Z","timestamp":1720774061000},"page":"7644","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Comparative Analysis of Mitochondria Surrounding the Intercalated Discs in Heart Diseases\u2014An Ultrastructural Pilot Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-3358-6174","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rebecca","family":"Sch\u00f6nmehl","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Pathology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, 68167 Mannheim, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel H.","family":"Mendelsohn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Pathology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, 68167 Mannheim, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-7931-0662","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lina","family":"Winter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Pathology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, 68167 Mannheim, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Steffen","family":"Pabel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine II, University Medical Center Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tanja","family":"Niedermair","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Pathology, University of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany"},{"name":"Central Biobank Regensburg, University and University Hospital Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katja","family":"Evert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Pathology, University of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wing-Hoi","family":"Cheung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ronald Man Yeung","family":"Wong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5070-7280","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Volker H.","family":"Schmitt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, University Medical Centre, Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany"},{"name":"German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Rhine Main, 55131 Mainz, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0820-9584","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karsten","family":"Keller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, University Medical Centre, Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany"},{"name":"Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis (CTH), University Medical Center Mainz, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany"},{"name":"Department of Sports Medicine, Medical Clinic VII, University Hospital Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6189-7259","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Friedrich","family":"Barsch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, Institute for Exercise and Occupational Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4091-8620","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexander","family":"Dietl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jan F.","family":"Gummert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinic for Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Heart and Diabetes Center North Rhine-Westphalia, Ruhr University Bochum, 32545 Bad Oeynhausen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ren\u00e9","family":"Schramm","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinic for Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Heart and Diabetes Center North Rhine-Westphalia, Ruhr University Bochum, 32545 Bad Oeynhausen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samuel","family":"Sossalla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine II, University Medical Center Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany"},{"name":"Departments of Cardiology at Kerckhoff Heart and Lung Center, Bad Nauheim and University of Giessen, 61231 Bad Nauheim, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christoph","family":"Brochhausen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Pathology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, 68167 Mannheim, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7173","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-34294-6","article-title":"Heart disease risk factors detection from electronic health records using advanced NLP and deep learning techniques","volume":"13","author":"Houssein","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2160","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2017.02.049","article-title":"Histopathological and Immunological Characteristics of Tachycardia-Induced Cardiomyopathy","volume":"69","author":"Mueller","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1007\/s00395-022-00949-0","article-title":"Tachycardiomyopathy entails a dysfunctional pattern of interrelated mitochondrial functions","volume":"117","author":"Paulus","year":"2022","journal-title":"Basic Res. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, J., Guo, Q., Feng, X., Liu, Y., and Zhou, Y. (2022). Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Cardiovascular Diseases: Potential Targets for Treatment. Front. Cell Dev. Biol., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2022.841523"},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"190","article-title":"Mitochondria and heart disease","volume":"13","author":"DiMauro","year":"1998","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-007-2869-1_11","article-title":"Mitochondria and heart disease","volume":"942","author":"Griffiths","year":"2012","journal-title":"Adv. Exp. Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"(2022, February 03). Mitochondrial Dynamics and Its Involvement in Disease\u2014PubMed, Available online: https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/31585519\/."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mendelsohn, D.H., Schnabel, K., Mamilos, A., Sossalla, S., Pabel, S., Duerr, G.D., Keller, K., Schmitt, V.H., Barsch, F., and Walter, N. (2022). Structural Analysis of Mitochondrial Dynamics--From Cardiomyocytes to Osteoblasts: A Critical Review. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23094571"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carpath.2014.07.008","article-title":"Light and electron microscopic features of surgically excised left atrial appendage in rheumatic heart disease patients with atrial fibrillation and sinus rhythm","volume":"23","author":"Sharma","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1949","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2017.08.041","article-title":"Catheter Ablation Versus Medical Rate Control in Atrial Fibrillation and Systolic Dysfunction: The CAMERA-MRI Study","volume":"70","author":"Prabhu","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1707855","article-title":"Catheter Ablation for Atrial Fibrillation with Heart Failure","volume":"378","author":"Marrouche","year":"2018","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ramaccini, D., Montoya-Uribe, V., Aan, F.J., Modesti, L., Potes, Y., Wieckowski, M.R., Krga, I., Glibeti\u0107, M., Pinton, P., and Giorgi, C. (2020). Mitochondrial Function and Dysfunction in Dilated Cardiomyopathy. Front. Cell Dev. Biol., 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2020.624216"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e005131","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCHEARTFAILURE.118.005131","article-title":"Mitochondrial Morphology, Dynamics, and Function in Human Pressure Overload or Ischemic Heart Disease with Preserved or Reduced Ejection Fraction","volume":"12","author":"Chaanine","year":"2019","journal-title":"Circ. Heart Fail."},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"213","article-title":"Epidemiology of atrial fibrillation: European perspective","volume":"6","author":"Lercari","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.115.307778","article-title":"Revisiting Cardiac Cellular Composition","volume":"118","author":"Pinto","year":"2016","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2732","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpj.2015.04.031","article-title":"Distinct functional roles of cardiac mitochondrial subpopulations revealed by a 3D simulation model","volume":"108","author":"Hatano","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biophys. J."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1866","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsb.2020.03.004","article-title":"Mitochondrial quality control mechanisms as molecular targets in cardiac ischemia-reperfusion injury","volume":"10","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acta Pharm. Sin. B"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1007\/s10741-012-9340-0","article-title":"Mitochondrial dysfunction in heart failure","volume":"18","author":"Rosca","year":"2013","journal-title":"Heart Fail. Rev."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chaanine, A.H. (2019). Morphological Stages of Mitochondrial Vacuolar Degeneration in Phenylephrine-Stressed Cardiac Myocytes and in Animal Models and Human Heart Failure. Medicina, 55.","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina55060239"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"994","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.121.319718","article-title":"Effects of Atrial Fibrillation on the Human Ventricle","volume":"130","author":"Pabel","year":"2022","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1305","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2019422","article-title":"Early Rhythm-Control Therapy in Patients with Atrial Fibrillation","volume":"383","author":"Kirchhof","year":"2020","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pool, L., Wijdeveld, L.F.J.M., de Groot, N.M.S., and Brundel, B.J.J.M. (2021). The Role of Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Atrial Fibrillation: Translation to Druggable Target and Biomarker Discovery. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22168463"},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"BR353","article-title":"Taxol, a microtubule stabilizer, prevents atrial fibrillation in in vitro atrial fibrillation models using rabbit hearts","volume":"16","author":"Xiao","year":"2010","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Monit. Int. Med. J. Exp. Clin. Res."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fliegner, D., Ellieva, A., Angelov, A., Petrov, G., and Regitz-Zagrosek, V. (2023). Sex differences and estrogen effects in cardiac mitochondria in human aortic stenosis and in the mouse heart. Front. Endocrinol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2023.1181044"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1591","DOI":"10.1007\/s00424-017-2034-7","article-title":"Age and ischemia differentially impact mitochondrial ultrastructure and function in a novel model of age-associated estrogen deficiency in the female rat heart","volume":"469","author":"Garvin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pflug. Arch. Eur. J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1007\/s11357-016-9933-y","article-title":"Mitochondria and oxidative stress in heart aging","volume":"38","author":"Gredilla","year":"2016","journal-title":"Age"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1038\/s41531-019-0080-x","article-title":"Mitochondria function associated genes contribute to Parkinson\u2019s Disease risk and later age at onset","volume":"5","author":"Billingsley","year":"2019","journal-title":"NPJ Park. Dis."},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"899","article-title":"Exposure to sixty minutes of hyperoxia upregulates myocardial humanins in patients with coronary artery disease\u2014A pilot study","volume":"66","author":"Karu","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Physiol. Pharmacol. Off. J. Pol. Physiol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ghadially, F.N. (1988). 3\u2014Mitochondria. Ultrastructural Pathology of the Cell and Matrix, Butterworth-Heinemann. [3rd ed.].","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-407-01571-5.50010-0"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1007\/s10863-018-9758-8","article-title":"Formation of lamellar bodies in rat liver mitochondria in hyperthyroidism","volume":"50","author":"Venediktova","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Bioenerg. Biomembr."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/25\/14\/7644\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T15:15:32Z","timestamp":1760109332000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/25\/14\/7644"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,12]]},"references-count":30,"journal-issue":{"issue":"14","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms25147644"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms25147644","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,12]]}}}