{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,11]],"date-time":"2026-04-11T13:17:49Z","timestamp":1775913469841,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,12]],"date-time":"2024-07-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1720742400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Science Centre Poland","award":["DEC-2021\/05\/X\/NZ7\/01089"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DEC-2021\/05\/X\/NZ7\/01089"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The factors influencing the development and maintenance of nicotine dependence are numerous and complex. Recent studies indicate that smokers exhibit distinct genetic predispositions to nicotine dependence. We aimed to analyse (1) the association between rs2551038 and cigarette smoking, (2) the association of between the rs3864236\u2013rs2526303\u2013rs2551038 haplotype and cigarette smoking, and (3) the personality traits measured by the NEO Five-Factor Inventory in cigarette users and never-smokers. No significant differences were present in the frequency of rs2551038 genotypes and alleles in the studied cigarette users compared to the control group. Cigarette users, compared to the control group, had higher scores on the NEO-FFI Extraversion scale (p = 0.0011), and lower scores were obtained by the cigarette users for the NEO-FFI Openness (p = 0.0060), Agreeability (p \u2264 0.000), and Conscientiousness (p \u2264 0.000) scales. There was a significant positive Pearson\u2019s linear correlation between the age and the Fagestrom test (r = 0.346; p &lt; 0.0001) and the NEO-FFI Openness scale (r = 0.180; p &lt; 0.0001) in the group of cigarette users. We observed significant linkage disequilibrium between rs2526303 and rs3864236 (D\u2019 = 0.3581; p &lt; 2.2204 \u00d7 10\u221216) and between rs2526303 and rs2551038 (D\u2019 = 0.9993; p &lt; 2.2204 \u00d7 10\u221216) in the tested sample. The sex-stratified haplotype analysis revealed that in the group of male never-smokers, the GTC haplotype was significantly more frequent than in the group of cigarette users (38% vs. 22%; p = 0.0039). The presented study reveals significant differences in personality trait scores between cases and controls. Moreover, the sex-stratified analysis showed significant differences in haplotype distribution. These results underscore the interplay between genetic predisposition, sex, and personality in nicotine-using individuals.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25147657","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,12]],"date-time":"2024-07-12T11:28:03Z","timestamp":1720783683000},"page":"7657","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["HINT1 Gene Polymorphisms, Smoking Behaviour, and Personality Traits: A Haplotype Case-Control Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7137-1429","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aleksandra","family":"Suchanecka","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Independent Laboratory of Behavioural Genetics and Epigenetics, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Powsta\u0144c\u00f3w Wielkopolskich 72 St., 70-111 Szczecin, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3574-5726","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Agnieszka","family":"Boro\u0144","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical and Molecular Biochemistry, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Powsta\u0144c\u00f3w Wielkopolskich 72 St., 70-111 Szczecin, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4254-5466","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Krzysztof","family":"Chmielowiec","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Collegium Medicum, University of Zielona G\u00f3ra, 28 Zyty St., 65-046 Zielona G\u00f3ra, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6564-2141","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aleksandra","family":"Stro\u0144ska-Pluta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Independent Laboratory of Behavioural Genetics and Epigenetics, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Powsta\u0144c\u00f3w Wielkopolskich 72 St., 70-111 Szczecin, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jolanta","family":"Masiak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Second Department of Psychiatry and Psychiatric Rehabilitation, Medical University of Lublin, 1 G\u0142uska St., 20-059 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Milena","family":"Lachowicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, Gdansk University of Physical Education and Sport, 80-336 Gdansk, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3285-5313","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jolanta","family":"Chmielowiec","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Collegium Medicum, University of Zielona G\u00f3ra, 28 Zyty St., 65-046 Zielona G\u00f3ra, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3900-4901","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Grzegorz","family":"Trybek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral Surgery, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Powsta\u0144c\u00f3w Wielkopolskich 72 St., 70-111 Szczecin, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Grzywacz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Independent Laboratory of Behavioural Genetics and Epigenetics, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Powsta\u0144c\u00f3w Wielkopolskich 72 St., 70-111 Szczecin, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-022-00346-w","article-title":"Tobacco and nicotine use","volume":"8","author":"Piper","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. 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