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Central and peripheral tolerance mechanisms play crucial roles in preventing autoimmunity by eliminating self-reactive T and B cells. The disruption of immunological tolerance, characterized by the failure of these mechanisms, results in the aberrant activation of autoreactive lymphocytes that target self-tissues, culminating in the pathogenesis of autoimmune disorders. Genetic predispositions, environmental exposures, and immunoregulatory disturbances synergistically contribute to the susceptibility and initiation of autoimmune pathologies. Within the realm of immune therapies for autoimmune diseases, cytokine therapies have emerged as a specialized strategy, targeting cytokine-mediated regulatory pathways to rectify immunological imbalances. Proinflammatory cytokines are key players in inducing and propagating autoimmune inflammation, highlighting the potential of cytokine therapies in managing autoimmune conditions. This review discusses the etiology of autoimmune diseases, current therapeutic approaches, and prospects for future drug design.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25147666","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,12]],"date-time":"2024-07-12T11:28:03Z","timestamp":1720783683000},"page":"7666","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":117,"title":["Understanding Autoimmunity: Mechanisms, Predisposing Factors, and Cytokine Therapies"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Farzana","family":"Yasmeen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"S&K Therapeutics, Ajou University Campus Plaza 418, Worldcup-ro 199, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon 16502, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rameez Hassan","family":"Pirzada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"S&K Therapeutics, Ajou University Campus Plaza 418, Worldcup-ro 199, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon 16502, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bilal","family":"Ahmad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"S&K Therapeutics, Ajou University Campus Plaza 418, Worldcup-ro 199, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon 16502, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bogeum","family":"Choi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5920-7848","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sangdun","family":"Choi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"S&K Therapeutics, Ajou University Campus Plaza 418, Worldcup-ro 199, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon 16502, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S1","DOI":"10.1186\/1710-1492-7-S1-S1","article-title":"An introduction to immunology and immunopathology","volume":"7","author":"Warrington","year":"2011","journal-title":"Allergy Asthma Clin. 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