{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,27]],"date-time":"2025-10-27T05:08:25Z","timestamp":1761541705570,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,14]],"date-time":"2024-07-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1720915200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"South African National Research Foundation","award":["105887","18\/21","J3-2518"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["105887","18\/21","J3-2518"]}]},{"name":"South African Medical Research Council","award":["105887","18\/21","J3-2518"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["105887","18\/21","J3-2518"]}]},{"name":"Poliomyelitis Research Foundation","award":["105887","18\/21","J3-2518"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["105887","18\/21","J3-2518"]}]},{"name":"PRF","award":["105887","18\/21","J3-2518"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["105887","18\/21","J3-2518"]}]},{"name":"Oppenheimer Memorial Trust","award":["105887","18\/21","J3-2518"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["105887","18\/21","J3-2518"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004329","name":"Slovenian Research Agency","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["105887","18\/21","J3-2518"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["105887","18\/21","J3-2518"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004329","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection poses a significant health challenge, particularly in low- and middle-income countries (LMIC), where limited healthcare access and awareness hinder vaccine accessibility. To identify alternative HPV targeting interventions, we previously reported on surfactant protein A (SP-A) as a novel molecule capable of recognising HPV16 pseudovirions (HPV16-PsVs) and reducing infection in a murine cervicovaginal HPV challenge model. Building on these findings, our current study aimed to assess SP-A\u2019s suitability as a broad-spectrum HPV-targeting molecule and its impact on innate immune responses. We demonstrate SP-A\u2019s ability to agglutinate and opsonise multiple oncogenic HPV-PsVs types, enhancing their uptake and clearance by RAW264.7 murine macrophages and THP-1 human-derived immune cells. The SP-A opsonisation of HPV not only led to increased lysosomal accumulation in macrophages and HaCaT keratinocytes but also resulted in a decreased infection of HaCaT cells, which was further decreased when co-cultured with innate immune cells. An analysis of human innate immune cell cytokine profiles revealed a significant inflammatory response upon SP-A exposure, potentially contributing to the overall inhibition of HPV infection. These results highlight the multi-layered impact of SP-A on HPV, innate immune cells and keratinocytes and lay the basis for the development of alternative prophylactic interventions against diverse HPV types.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25147712","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,15]],"date-time":"2024-07-15T18:17:32Z","timestamp":1721067452000},"page":"7712","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Functional Characterisation of Surfactant Protein A as a Novel Prophylactic Means against Oncogenic HPV Infections"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1822-4304","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sinead","family":"Carse","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Observatory, Cape Town 7925, South Africa"},{"name":"Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine (IDM), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Observatory, Cape Town 7925, South Africa"},{"name":"Division of Medical Biochemistry, Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, University of Cape Town, Observatory, Cape Town 7925, South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tim","family":"Reid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine (IDM), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Observatory, Cape Town 7925, South Africa"},{"name":"South African Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative (SATVI), University of Cape Town, Observatory, Cape Town 7925, South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jens","family":"Madsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Targeted Lung Immunotherapy, Neonatology, Institute for Women\u2019s Health, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Howard","family":"Clark","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Targeted Lung Immunotherapy, Neonatology, Institute for Women\u2019s Health, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1064-1704","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Artur","family":"Kirjakulov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infection, Inflammation and Repair, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9103-9880","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Martina","family":"Bergant Maru\u0161i\u010d","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Nova Gorica, Vipavska 13, 5000 Nova Gorica, Slovenia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1044-3828","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Georgia","family":"Sch\u00e4fer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Observatory, Cape Town 7925, South Africa"},{"name":"Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine (IDM), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Observatory, Cape Town 7925, South Africa"},{"name":"Division of Medical Biochemistry, Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, University of Cape Town, Observatory, Cape Town 7925, South Africa"},{"name":"Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa, University of Cape Town, Observatory, Cape Town 7925, South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"796","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/87.11.796","article-title":"Prevalence of human papillomavirus in cervical cancer: A worldwide perspective","volume":"87","author":"Bosch","year":"1995","journal-title":"JNCI J. 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