{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,28]],"date-time":"2026-07-28T05:26:12Z","timestamp":1785216372919,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":105,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,16]],"date-time":"2024-07-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1721088000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004880","name":"Gulf States Marine Fisheries Commission","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["IJF-650-041-2021-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IJF-650-041-2021-01"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004880","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004880","name":"Gulf States Marine Fisheries Commission","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["F.265.M.3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["F.265.M.3"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004880","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Inter-Jurisdictional Fisheries Program","award":["IJF-650-041-2021-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IJF-650-041-2021-01"]}]},{"name":"Inter-Jurisdictional Fisheries Program","award":["F.265.M.3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["F.265.M.3"]}]},{"name":"Texas Parks and Wildlife Department Coastal Fisheries Division","award":["IJF-650-041-2021-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IJF-650-041-2021-01"]}]},{"name":"Texas Parks and Wildlife Department Coastal Fisheries Division","award":["F.265.M.3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["F.265.M.3"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Southern flounder skin pigmentation is a critical phenotypic characteristic for this species\u2019 survival in the natural environment. Normal pigmentation allows rapid changes of color for concealment to capture prey and UV light protection. In contrast, highly visible hypopigmented pseudo-albinos exhibit a compromised immune system and are vulnerable to predation, sensitive to UV exposure, and likely have poor survival in the wild. Skin and brain tissue samples from normally pigmented and hypopigmented individuals were analyzed with next-generation RNA sequencing. A total of 1,589,613 transcripts were used to identify 952,825 genes to assemble a de novo transcriptome, with 99.43% of genes mapped to the assembly. Differential gene expression and gene enrichment analysis of contrasting tissues and phenotypes revealed that pseudo-albino individuals appeared more susceptible to environmental stress, UV light exposure, hypoxia, and osmotic stress. The pseudo-albinos\u2019 restricted immune response showed upregulated genes linked to cancer development, signaling and response, skin tissue formation, regeneration, and healing. The data indicate that a modified skin collagen structure likely affects melanocyte differentiation and distribution, generating the pseudo-albino phenotype. In addition, the comparison of the brain transcriptome revealed changes in myelination and melanocyte stem cell activity, which may indicate modified brain function, reduced melanocyte migration, and impaired vision.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25147775","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,16]],"date-time":"2024-07-16T11:31:57Z","timestamp":1721129517000},"page":"7775","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Analysis of the Skin and Brain Transcriptome of Normally Pigmented and Pseudo-Albino Southern Flounder (Paralichthys lethostigma) Juveniles to Study the Molecular Mechanisms of Hypopigmentation and Its Implications for Species Survival in the Natural Environment"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Ivonne R.","family":"Blandon","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Coastal Fisheries Division CCA Marine Development Center, Texas Parks and Wildlife Department, 4300 Waldron Rd., Corpus Christi, TX 78418, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth","family":"DiBona","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Life Sciences, College of Science, Texas A and M University-Corpus Christi, 6300 Ocean Drive, Corpus Christi, TX 78412, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Battenhouse","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Biochemical Research Computing Facility, University of Texas at Austin, 100 East 24th, Austin, TX 78712, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9348-980X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sean","family":"Vargas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Genomic Core Facility, University of Texas at San Antonio, UTSA Circle, San Antonio, TX 78249, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-2654-7214","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christopher","family":"Mace","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Coastal Fisheries Division CCA Marine Development Center, Texas Parks and Wildlife Department, 4300 Waldron Rd., Corpus Christi, TX 78418, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7294-6829","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Frauke","family":"Seemann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Life Sciences, College of Science, Texas A and M University-Corpus Christi, 6300 Ocean Drive, Corpus Christi, TX 78412, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.1002\/jez.a.177","article-title":"The influence of long-term chromatic adaptation on pigment cells and striped pigment patterns in the skin of the zebrafish, Danio rerio","volume":"303","author":"Sugimoto","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. 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