{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,27]],"date-time":"2026-06-27T01:04:18Z","timestamp":1782522258251,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,18]],"date-time":"2024-07-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1721260800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Pyrogens are fever-inducing substances routinely investigated in health products through tests such as the Rabbit Pyrogen Test (RPT), the Limulus Amebocyte Lysate (LAL), and the Monocyte Activation Test (MAT). However, the applications of the MAT for medical devices and biomaterials remain limited. This work aimed to overview the studies evaluating the pyrogenicity of medical devices and biomaterials using the MAT, highlighting its successes and potential challenges. An electronic search was performed by December 2023 in PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science, identifying 321 records which resulted in ten selected studies. Data were extracted detailing the tested materials, MAT variants, interferences, and comparisons between methods. Methodological quality was assessed using the ToxRTool, and the results were synthesized descriptively. The selected studies investigated various materials, including polymers, metals, and natural compounds, employing the different biological matrices of the MAT. Results showed the MAT\u2019s versatility, with successful detection of pyrogens in most materials tested, though variability in sensitivity was noted based on the material and testing conditions. Challenges remain in optimizing protocols for different material properties, such as determining the best methods for direct contact versus eluate testing and addressing the incubation conditions. In conclusion, the MAT demonstrates significant potential as a pyrogen detection method for medical devices and biomaterials. However, continued research is essential to address existing gaps, optimize protocols, and validate the test across a broader range of materials.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25147844","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,18]],"date-time":"2024-07-18T08:39:12Z","timestamp":1721291952000},"page":"7844","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Assessment of Pyrogenic Response of Medical Devices and Biomaterials by the Monocyte Activation Test (MAT): A Systematic Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Izabela","family":"Gimenes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Post-Graduation Program in Science and Biotechnology, Fluminense Federal University, Niteroi 24220-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jana\u00edna","family":"Spoladore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Post-Graduation Program in Science and Biotechnology, Fluminense Federal University, Niteroi 24220-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bruno Andrade","family":"Paranhos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Carlos Chagas Filho Biophysics Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-170, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4868-3838","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tea","family":"Romasco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Dental Research Administration, Tufts University School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA 02111, USA"},{"name":"Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, \u201cG. d\u2019Annunzio\u201d University of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy"},{"name":"Center for Advanced Studies and Technology (CAST), \u201cG. d\u2019Annunzio\u201d University of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9720-2116","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Natalia","family":"Di Pietro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, \u201cG. d\u2019Annunzio\u201d University of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy"},{"name":"Center for Advanced Studies and Technology (CAST), \u201cG. d\u2019Annunzio\u201d University of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adriano","family":"Piattelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Dentistry, Saint Camillus International, University of Health and Medical Sciences, 00131 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5775-0222","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlos Fernando","family":"Mour\u00e3o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Periodontology, Tufts University School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA 02111, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0016-4809","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gutemberg","family":"Gomes Alves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cell and Molecular Biology Department, Institute of Biology, Fluminense Federal University, Niteroi 24220-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"146","article-title":"New Applications of the Human Whole Blood Pyrogen Assay (PyroCheck)","volume":"16","author":"Fennrich","year":"1999","journal-title":"ALTEX Altern. 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