{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,1]],"date-time":"2026-11-01T08:28:44Z","timestamp":1793521724262,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":126,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,18]],"date-time":"2024-07-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1721260800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"JSPS KAKENHI","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["22K08002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22K08002"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"JSPS KAKENHI","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["23K07347"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["23K07347"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Chronic infection of Helicobacter pylori is considered the principal cause of gastric cancers, but evidence has accumulated regarding the impact of tobacco smoking and alcohol consumption on the development of gastric cancers. Several possible mechanisms, including the activation of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, have been proposed for smoking-induced gastric carcinogenesis. On the other hand, local acetaldehyde exposure and ethanol-induced mucosal inflammation have been proposed as the mechanisms involved in the development of gastric cancers in heavy alcohol drinkers. In addition, genetic polymorphisms are also considered to play a pivotal role in smoking-related and alcohol-related gastric carcinogenesis. In this review, we will discuss the molecular mechanisms involved in the development of gastric cancers in relation to tobacco smoking and alcohol consumption.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25147854","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,18]],"date-time":"2024-07-18T08:39:12Z","timestamp":1721291952000},"page":"7854","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":35,"title":["The Impact of Tobacco Smoking and Alcohol Consumption on the Development of Gastric Cancers"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Waku","family":"Hatta","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai 980-8575, Miyagi, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6472-3257","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tomoyuki","family":"Koike","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai 980-8575, Miyagi, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4452-8459","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Naoki","family":"Asano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai 980-8575, Miyagi, Japan"},{"name":"Division of Cancer Stem Cell, Miyagi Cancer Center Research Institute, 47-1 Nodayama, Medeshima-Shiode, Natori 981-1293, Miyagi, Japan"},{"name":"Division of Carcinogenesis and Senescence Biology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Natori 981-1293, Miyagi, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yutaka","family":"Hatayama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai 980-8575, Miyagi, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5762-2156","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yohei","family":"Ogata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai 980-8575, Miyagi, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4257-4216","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Masahiro","family":"Saito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai 980-8575, Miyagi, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaoyi","family":"Jin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai 980-8575, Miyagi, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4739-8795","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kaname","family":"Uno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai 980-8575, Miyagi, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Akira","family":"Imatani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai 980-8575, Miyagi, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Atsushi","family":"Masamune","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai 980-8575, Miyagi, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.21660","article-title":"Global Cancer Statistics 2020: GLOBOCAN Estimates of Incidence and Mortality Worldwide for 36 Cancers in 185 Countries","volume":"71","author":"Sung","year":"2021","journal-title":"CA Cancer J. 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