{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T09:52:08Z","timestamp":1791539528975,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,19]],"date-time":"2024-07-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1721347200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"USDA National Institute of Food and Agriculture (NIFA)","award":["2022-67015-36298"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022-67015-36298"]}]},{"name":"USDA National Institute of Food and Agriculture (NIFA)","award":["2021-38420-34945"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021-38420-34945"]}]},{"name":"USDA National Institute of Food and Agriculture (NIFA)","award":["22015"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22015"]}]},{"name":"USDA NIFA AFRI National Needs Graduate Fellowships Program","award":["2022-67015-36298"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022-67015-36298"]}]},{"name":"USDA NIFA AFRI National Needs Graduate Fellowships Program","award":["2021-38420-34945"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021-38420-34945"]}]},{"name":"USDA NIFA AFRI National Needs Graduate Fellowships Program","award":["22015"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22015"]}]},{"name":"Iowa Pork Producers Association","award":["2022-67015-36298"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022-67015-36298"]}]},{"name":"Iowa Pork Producers Association","award":["2021-38420-34945"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021-38420-34945"]}]},{"name":"Iowa Pork Producers Association","award":["22015"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22015"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Mammalian spermatozoa rely on glycolysis and mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation for energy leading up to fertilization. Sperm capacitation involves a series of well-regulated biochemical steps that are necessary to give spermatozoa the ability to fertilize the oocyte. Additionally, zinc ion (Zn2+) fluxes have recently been shown to occur during mammalian sperm capacitation. Semen from seven commercial boars was collected and analyzed using image-based flow cytometry before, after, and with the inclusion of 2 mM Zn2+ containing in vitro capacitation (IVC) media. Metabolites were extracted and analyzed via Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS), identifying 175 metabolites, with 79 differentially abundant across treatments (p &lt; 0.05). Non-capacitated samples showed high levels of respiration-associated metabolites including glucose, fructose, citric acid, and pyruvic acid. After 4 h IVC, these metabolites significantly decreased, while phosphate, lactic acid, and glucitol increased (p &lt; 0.05). With zinc inclusion, we observed an increase in metabolites such as lactic acid, glucitol, glucose, fructose, myo-inositol, citric acid, and succinic acid, while saturated fatty acids including palmitic, dodecanoic, and myristic acid decreased compared to 4 h IVC, indicating regulatory shifts in metabolic pathways and fatty acid composition during capacitation. These findings underscore the importance of metabolic changes in improving artificial insemination and fertility treatments in livestock and humans.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25147919","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,19]],"date-time":"2024-07-19T15:15:19Z","timestamp":1721402119000},"page":"7919","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Metabolic Shift in Porcine Spermatozoa during Sperm Capacitation-Induced Zinc Flux"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-7403-2987","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tyler","family":"Weide","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9336-4473","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kayla","family":"Mills","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center (BARC), Beltsville, MD 20705, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ian","family":"Shofner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8673-1530","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matthew W.","family":"Breitzman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"W.M. Keck Metabolomics Research Laboratory, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karl","family":"Kerns","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.1038\/168697b0","article-title":"Fertilizing Capacity of Spermatozoa deposited into the Fallopian Tubes","volume":"168","author":"Chang","year":"1951","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1038\/170326a0","article-title":"The \u2018Capacitation\u2019 of the Mammalian Sperm","volume":"170","author":"Austin","year":"1952","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13056","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(17)44079-8","article-title":"Activation of spermatozoan adenylate cyclase by a low molecular weight factor in porcine seminal plasma","volume":"258","author":"Okamura","year":"1983","journal-title":"J. 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