{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,25]],"date-time":"2026-08-25T02:25:26Z","timestamp":1787624726057,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,22]],"date-time":"2024-07-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1721606400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"UNAM-PAPIIT","award":["IA101523"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IA101523"]}]},{"name":"UNAM-PAPIIT","award":["FY2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FY2021"]}]},{"name":"UNAM-PAPIIT","award":["FY2022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FY2022"]}]},{"name":"UNAM-PAPIIT","award":["2019-69012-29905"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019-69012-29905"]}]},{"name":"UNAM-PAPIIT","award":["2019-69012-29905"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019-69012-29905"]}]},{"name":"USDA Animal Health Awards","award":["IA101523"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IA101523"]}]},{"name":"USDA Animal Health Awards","award":["FY2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FY2021"]}]},{"name":"USDA Animal Health Awards","award":["FY2022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FY2022"]}]},{"name":"USDA Animal Health Awards","award":["2019-69012-29905"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019-69012-29905"]}]},{"name":"USDA Animal Health Awards","award":["2019-69012-29905"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019-69012-29905"]}]},{"name":"USDA-NIFA Sustainable Agriculture Systems","award":["IA101523"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IA101523"]}]},{"name":"USDA-NIFA Sustainable Agriculture Systems","award":["FY2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FY2021"]}]},{"name":"USDA-NIFA Sustainable Agriculture Systems","award":["FY2022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FY2022"]}]},{"name":"USDA-NIFA Sustainable Agriculture Systems","award":["2019-69012-29905"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019-69012-29905"]}]},{"name":"USDA-NIFA Sustainable Agriculture Systems","award":["2019-69012-29905"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019-69012-29905"]}]},{"name":"Empowering U.S. Broiler Production for Transformation and Sustainability USDA-NIFA","award":["IA101523"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IA101523"]}]},{"name":"Empowering U.S. Broiler Production for Transformation and Sustainability USDA-NIFA","award":["FY2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FY2021"]}]},{"name":"Empowering U.S. Broiler Production for Transformation and Sustainability USDA-NIFA","award":["FY2022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FY2022"]}]},{"name":"Empowering U.S. Broiler Production for Transformation and Sustainability USDA-NIFA","award":["2019-69012-29905"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019-69012-29905"]}]},{"name":"Empowering U.S. Broiler Production for Transformation and Sustainability USDA-NIFA","award":["2019-69012-29905"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019-69012-29905"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This article follows-up on our recently published work, which evaluated the impact of the addition of an alfalfa leaf-derived adsorbent in the aflatoxin B1 (AFB1)-contaminated diet in regard to the production parameters, blood cell count, serum biochemistry, liver enzymes, and liver histology of turkey poults. This paper presents complementary results on microbial community, ileal morphology, barrier function, and immunity. For this purpose, 350 1-day-old female turkey poults were randomly distributed into five groups: (1) Control, AFB1-free diet; (2) AF, AFB1-contaminated diet at 250 ng\/g; (3) alfalfa, AFB1-free diet + 0.5% (w\/w) adsorbent; (4) alfalfa + AF, AFB1-contaminated diet at 250 ng\/g + 0.5% (w\/w) adsorbent; and (5) YCW + AF, AFB1-contaminated diet at 250 ng\/g + 0.5% (w\/w) commercial yeast cell wall-based adsorbent (reference group). In general, in the AF group, the growth of opportunistic pathogens was promoted, which lead to gut dysbacteriosis, mainly influenced by Streptococcus lutetiensis. Conversely, a significant increase in beneficial bacteria (Faecalibacterium and Coprococcus catus) was promoted by the addition of the plant-based adsorbent. Moreover, the AF group had the lowest villus height and a compromised barrier function, as evidenced by a significant (p &lt; 0.05) increase in fluorescein isothiocyanate dextran (FITC-d), but these negative effects were almost reversed by the addition of the alfalfa adsorbent. Furthermore, the AF + YCW and alfalfa + AF groups exhibited a significant increase in the cutaneous basophil hypersensitivity response compared to the rest of the experimental groups. Taken together, these results pointed out that the alfalfa counteracts the adverse effects of AFB1 in poults, facilitating the colonization of beneficial bacteria and improving the barrier function of the turkey poults.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25147977","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,23]],"date-time":"2024-07-23T11:40:36Z","timestamp":1721734836000},"page":"7977","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Exploring the Effects of an Alfalfa Leaf-Derived Adsorbent on Microbial Community, Ileal Morphology, Barrier Function, and Immunity in Turkey Poults during Chronic Aflatoxin B1 Exposure"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5168-1684","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mar\u00eda de Jes\u00fas","family":"Nava-Ram\u00edrez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidad de Investigaci\u00f3n Multidisciplinaria L14 (Alimentos, Micotoxinas, y Micotoxicosis), Facultad de Estudios Superiores (FES) Cuautitl\u00e1n, UNAM, Cuautitl\u00e1n Izcalli 54740, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jing","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0080-7600","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juan Omar","family":"Hern\u00e1ndez-Ram\u00edrez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidad de Investigaci\u00f3n Multidisciplinaria L14 (Alimentos, Micotoxinas, y Micotoxicosis), Facultad de Estudios Superiores (FES) Cuautitl\u00e1n, UNAM, Cuautitl\u00e1n Izcalli 54740, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5789-0823","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xochitl","family":"Hernandez-Velasco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Medicina y Zootecnia de Aves, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, UNAM, Ciudad de M\u00e9xico 04510, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juan D.","family":"Latorre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alma","family":"V\u00e1zquez-Dur\u00e1n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidad de Investigaci\u00f3n Multidisciplinaria L14 (Alimentos, Micotoxinas, y Micotoxicosis), Facultad de Estudios Superiores (FES) Cuautitl\u00e1n, UNAM, Cuautitl\u00e1n Izcalli 54740, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4781-5816","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guolong","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6790-662X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roberto","family":"Senas-Cuesta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0905-4959","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sergio","family":"G\u00f3mez-Rosales","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro Nacional de Investigaci\u00f3n Disciplinaria en Fisiolog\u00eda y Mejoramiento Animal (CENID-INIFAP), Km 1 Carretera a Colon, Ajuchitl\u00e1n, Quer\u00e9taro 76280, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andressa","family":"Stein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Billy M.","family":"Hargis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2416-2747","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guillermo","family":"T\u00e9llez-Isa\u00edas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6403-5216","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abraham","family":"M\u00e9ndez-Albores","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidad de Investigaci\u00f3n Multidisciplinaria L14 (Alimentos, Micotoxinas, y Micotoxicosis), Facultad de Estudios Superiores (FES) Cuautitl\u00e1n, UNAM, Cuautitl\u00e1n Izcalli 54740, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1844-477X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jes\u00fas A.","family":"Maguey-Gonz\u00e1lez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103254","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psj.2023.103254","article-title":"Aflatoxin levels in poultry feed: A comparison of mash and pellet forms","volume":"103","author":"Ghaemmaghami","year":"2024","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fathima, S., Al Hakeem, W.G., Selvaraj, R.K., and Shanmugasundaram, R. (2024). Beyond protein synthesis: The emerging role of arginine in poultry nutrition and host-microbe interactions. Front. Physiol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2023.1326809"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2178","DOI":"10.3382\/ps.2008-00034","article-title":"The effects of alfalfa-based molt diets on skeletal integrity of white leghorns","volume":"87","author":"Kim","year":"2008","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1080\/00439339.2020.1708839","article-title":"Use of alfalfa meal in layer diets\u2013a review","volume":"76","author":"Olgun","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. World\u2019s Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jha, R., and Mishra, P. (2021). Dietary fiber in poultry nutrition and their effects on nutrient utilization, performance, gut health, and on the environment: A review. J. Anim. Sci. Biotechnol., 12.","DOI":"10.1186\/s40104-021-00576-0"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, X., Li, X., Chen, D., Zhao, W., Zhang, X., Yuan, W., Si, H., Deng, X., Du, R., and Xu, C. (2024). Effects of dietary alfalfa meal supplementation on the growth performance, nutrient apparent digestibility, serum parameters, and intestinal microbiota of raccoon dogs (Nyctereutes procyonoides). Animals, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani14040623"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1139\/cjas-2015-0132","article-title":"Effects of alfalfa flavonoids on broiler performance, meat quality, and gene expression","volume":"96","author":"Ouyang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Can. J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105356","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsoil.2024.105356","article-title":"Responses of soil microbial communities and nutrient dynamics under continuous alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) cultivation","volume":"197","author":"Qin","year":"2024","journal-title":"Appl. Soil Ecol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nava-Ram\u00edrez, M.J., V\u00e1zquez-Dur\u00e1n, A., Figueroa-C\u00e1rdenas, J.d.D., Hern\u00e1ndez-Patl\u00e1n, D., Sol\u00eds-Cruz, B., T\u00e9llez-Isa\u00edas, G., L\u00f3pez-Coello, C., and M\u00e9ndez-Albores, A. (2023). Removal of aflatoxin B1 using alfalfa leaves as an adsorbent material: A comparison between two in vitro experimental models. Toxins, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins15100604"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1007\/s12550-024-00527-4","article-title":"Efficacy of powdered alfalfa leaves to ameliorate the toxic effects of aflatoxin B1 in turkey poults","volume":"40","author":"Latorre","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mycotoxin Res."},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"287","article-title":"Key roles of vitamins A, C, and E in aflatoxin B1-induced oxidative stress","volume":"2011","author":"Alpsoy","year":"2024","journal-title":"Vitam. Horm."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112980","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2022.112980","article-title":"Evaluation of stability and antibacterial properties of extracted chlorophyll from alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.)","volume":"163","author":"Ahmadi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Food Chem. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1080\/15569543.2016.1209523","article-title":"Immunosuppression following dietary aflatoxin B1 exposure: A review of the existing evidence","volume":"35","author":"Mohsenzadeh","year":"2016","journal-title":"Toxin Rev."},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"265","article-title":"Effects of aflatoxin B1 on the liver and kidney of broiler chickens during development","volume":"125","author":"Quezada","year":"2000","journal-title":"Comp. Biochem. Physiol. C Toxicol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"652","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2016.03.054","article-title":"Stress-related phenomena and detoxification mechanisms induced by common pharmaceuticals in alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) plants","volume":"557","author":"Christou","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"Ditta, Y.A., Mahad, S., and Bacha, U. (2018). Aflatoxins: Their toxic effect on poultry and recent advances in their treatment. Mycotoxins-Impact and Management Strategies, IntechOpen."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1637\/11765-103117-Reg.1","article-title":"Streptococcosis in commercial and noncommercial avian species in California: 95 cases (2000\u20132017)","volume":"62","author":"Crispo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Avian Dis."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Maguey-Gonz\u00e1lez, J.A., Liu, J., Zhang, G., Latorre, J.D., Hern\u00e1ndez-Ram\u00edrez, J.O., de Jes\u00fas Nava-Ram\u00edrez, M., Senas-Cuesta, R., G\u00f3mez-Rosales, S., de Lourdes \u00c1ngeles, M., and Stein, A. (2024). Assessment of the impact of humic acids on intestinal microbiota, gut integrity, ileum morphometry, and cellular immunity of turkey poults fed an aflatoxin B1-contaminated diet. Toxins, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins16030122"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huang, S., Lin, L., Wang, S., Ding, W., Zhang, C., Shaukat, A., Xu, B., Yue, K., Zhang, C., and Liu, F. (2023). Total flavonoids of Rhizoma drynariae mitigates aflatoxin B1-induced liver toxicity in chickens via microbiota-gut-liver axis interaction mechanisms. Antioxidants, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox12040819"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1312","DOI":"10.3382\/ps\/pew022","article-title":"Interactive effects of dietary protein concentration and aflatoxin B1 on performance, nutrient digestibility, and gut health in broiler chicks","volume":"95","author":"Chen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, L., Gao, M., Kang, G., and Huang, H. (2021). The potential role of phytonutrients flavonoids influencing gut microbiota in the prophylaxis and treatment of inflammatory bowel disease. Front. Nutr., 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2021.798038"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1093\/ps\/85.1.15","article-title":"Effects of alfalfa and fructooligosaccharide on molting parameters and bone qualities using dual energy X-ray absorptiometry and conventional bone assays","volume":"85","author":"Kim","year":"2006","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115301","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anifeedsci.2022.115301","article-title":"Antioxidant, flavonoid, \u03b1-tocopherol, \u03b2-carotene, fatty acids, and fermentation profiles of alfalfa silage inoculated with novel Lactiplantibacillus plantarum and Pediococcus acidilactici strains with high-antioxidant activity","volume":"288","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Anim. Feed. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107998","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodcont.2021.107998","article-title":"Interaction between food-borne mycotoxins and gut microbiota: A review","volume":"126","author":"Jin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Food Control"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e40","DOI":"10.1093\/ibd\/izy258","article-title":"Clinical potential of anti-inflammatory effects of Faecalibacterium prausnitzii and butyrate in inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"25","author":"Sitkin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Inflamm. Bowel Dis."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1446","DOI":"10.3945\/jn.114.199802","article-title":"Bacillus coagulans GBI-30, 6086 modulates Faecalibacterium prausnitzii in older men and women","volume":"145","author":"Nyangale","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3273","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.2c06697","article-title":"Coprococcus eutactus, a potent probiotic, alleviates colitis via acetate-mediated IgA response and microbiota restoration","volume":"71","author":"Yang","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Belanche, A., Palma-Hidalgo, J.M., Jim\u00e9nez, E., and Y\u00e1\u00f1ez-Ruiz, D.R. (2023). Enhancing rumen microbial diversity and its impact on energy and protein metabolism in forage-fed goats. Front. Vet. Sci., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2023.1272835"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mirzaei, R., Afaghi, A., Babakhani, S., Sohrabi, M.R., Hosseini-Fard, S.R., Babolhavaeji, K., Ali Akbari, S.K., Yousefimashouf, R., and Karampoor, S. (2021). Role of microbiota-derived short-chain fatty acids in cancer development and prevention. Biomed. Pharmacother., 139.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2021.111619"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaost.2020.05.002","article-title":"Review on microbial degradation of zearalenone and aflatoxins","volume":"3","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Grain Oil Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"Rais, A., Chand, P., Malik, M., and Prasad, T. (2002). Human microbiota: Role in cancer progression and therapy. Microbial Crosstalk with Immune System, Academic Press."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1007\/s12550-019-00367-7","article-title":"The effect of moderate-dose aflatoxin B 1 and Salmonella Enteritidis infection on intestinal permeability in broiler chickens","volume":"36","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mycotoxin Res."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"875","DOI":"10.1089\/jmf.2013.0157","article-title":"Phenolic extract of Dialium guineense pulp enhances reactive oxygen species detoxification in aflatoxin B1 hepatocarcinogenesis","volume":"17","author":"Adeleye","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Med. Food"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1080\/15376516.2021.2021339","article-title":"Aflatoxin B1: Metabolism, toxicology, and its involvement in oxidative stress and cancer development","volume":"32","author":"Cao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Toxicol. Mech. Methods"},{"key":"ref_35","unstructured":"Olayem, B.S., Olaitan, O.B., and Akinola, A.B. (2023). Immunomodulatory plant based foods, it\u2019s chemical, biochemical and pharmacological approaches. Medicinal Plants-Chemical, Biochemical, and Pharmacological Approaches, IntechOpen."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, Y., Usman, S., Li, Q., Li, F., Zhang, X., Nussio, L.G., and Guo, X. (2024). Effects of antioxidant-rich Lactiplantibacillus plantarum inoculated alfalfa silage on rumen fermentation, antioxidant and immunity status, and mammary gland gene expression in dairy goats. J. Anim. Sci. Biotechnol., 15.","DOI":"10.1186\/s40104-023-00977-3"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, Z., Sang, R., Feng, G., Feng, Y., Zhang, R., and Yan, X. (2024). Microbiological and metabolic pathways analysing the mechanisms of alfalfa polysaccharide and sulfated alfalfa polysaccharide in alleviating obesity. Int. J. Biol. Macromol., 263.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2024.130334"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00191","DOI":"10.1128\/mSystems.00191-16","article-title":"Deblur rapidly resolves single-nucleotide community sequence patterns","volume":"2","author":"Amir","year":"2017","journal-title":"mSystems"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Baxter, M.F., Merino-Guzman, R., Latorre, J.D., Mahaffey, B.D., Yang, Y., Teague, K.D., Graham, L.E., Wolfenden, A.D., Hernandez-Velasco, X., and Bielke, L.R. (2017). Optimizing fluorescein isothiocyanate dextran measurement as a biomarker in a 24-h feed restriction model to induce gut permeability in broiler chickens. Front. Vet. Sci., 4.","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2017.00056"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1200","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.2658","article-title":"Differential abundance analysis for microbial marker-gene surveys","volume":"10","author":"Paulson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Methods"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McMurdie, P.J., and Holmes, S. (2013). phyloseq: An R package for reproducible interactive analysis and graphics of microbiome census data. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0061217"},{"key":"ref_42","unstructured":"Oksanen, J., Blanchet, F.G., Kindt, R., Legendre, P., Minchin, P.R., O\u2019hara, R., Simpson, G.L., Solymos, P., Stevens, M.H.H., and Wagner, H. (2024, May 06). Vegan: Community Ecology Package, Package Version 2.5-5. Available online: https:\/\/github.com\/vegandevs\/vegan."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Segata, N., Izard, J., Waldron, L., Gevers, D., Miropolsky, L., Garrett, W.S., and Huttenhower, C. (2011). Metagenomic biomarker discovery and explanation. Genome Biol., 12.","DOI":"10.1186\/1465-6906-12-S1-P47"},{"key":"ref_44","unstructured":"SAS Institute Inc. (2002). SAS\/Share: 9.4 User\u2019s Guide, SAS Documentation. [2nd ed.]."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/25\/14\/7977\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T15:20:48Z","timestamp":1760109648000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/25\/14\/7977"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,22]]},"references-count":44,"journal-issue":{"issue":"14","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms25147977"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms25147977","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,22]]}}}