{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T22:26:20Z","timestamp":1791325580676,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":209,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,23]],"date-time":"2024-07-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1721692800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Science Centre in Poland","award":["2021\/43\/D\/NZ4\/02501"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021\/43\/D\/NZ4\/02501"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The water-soluble vitamin, vitamin B12, also known as cobalamin, plays a crucial role in cellular metabolism, particularly in DNA synthesis, methylation, and mitochondrial functionality. Its deficiency can lead to hematological and neurological disorders; however, the manifestation of these clinical outcomes is relatively late. It leads to difficulties in the early diagnosis of vitamin B12 deficiency. A prolonged lack of vitamin B12 may have severe consequences including increased morbidity to neurological and cardiovascular diseases. Beyond inadequate dietary intake, vitamin B12 deficiency might be caused by insufficient bioavailability, blood transport disruptions, or impaired cellular uptake and metabolism. Despite nearly 70 years of knowledge since the isolation and characterization of this vitamin, there are still gaps in understanding its metabolic pathways. Thus, this review aims to compile current knowledge about the crucial proteins necessary to efficiently accumulate and process vitamin B12 in humans, presenting these systems as a multi-protein network. The epidemiological consequences, diagnosis, and treatment of vitamin B12 deficiency are also highlighted. We also discuss clinical warnings of vitamin B12 deficiency based on the ongoing test of specific moonlighting proteins engaged in vitamin B12 metabolic pathways.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25158021","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,24]],"date-time":"2024-07-24T15:47:32Z","timestamp":1721836052000},"page":"8021","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":47,"title":["Vitamin B12 Metabolism: A Network of Multi-Protein Mediated Processes"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-6982-6797","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Patryk","family":"Mucha","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Medical University of Gdansk, 80-210 Gdansk, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0469-675X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Filip","family":"Kus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Medical University of Gdansk, 80-210 Gdansk, Poland"},{"name":"Laboratory of Protein Biochemistry, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology of University of Gdansk and Medical University of Gdansk, 80-307 Gdansk, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dominik","family":"Cysewski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Research Centre, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-276 Bialystok, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0190-9414","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ryszard T.","family":"Smolenski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Medical University of Gdansk, 80-210 Gdansk, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8934-9748","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marta","family":"Tomczyk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Medical University of Gdansk, 80-210 Gdansk, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Folkers, K. (1982). History of Vitamin B12: Pernicious Anemia to Crystalline Cyanocobalamin. Vitamin B12, John Wiley & Sons."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3228","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules15053228","article-title":"Vitamin B12: Unique Metalorganic Compounds and the Most Complex Vitamins","volume":"15","author":"Randaccio","year":"2010","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1364","DOI":"10.1002\/mnfr.201500019","article-title":"Cobalamin Coenzyme Forms Are Not Likely to Be Superior to Cyano- and Hydroxyl-cobalamin in Prevention or Treatment of Cobalamin Deficiency","volume":"59","author":"Obeid","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mol. Nutr. Food Res."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"582","DOI":"10.1209\/epl\/i2003-00390-9","article-title":"The Electronic Structure and Chemical Bonding of Vitamin B12","volume":"62","author":"Kurmaev","year":"2003","journal-title":"Europhys. Lett."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"Institute of Medicine (US) Standing Committee on the Scientific Evaluation of Dietary Reference Intakes and Its Panel on Folate, Other B Vitamins, and Choline (1998). Dietary Reference Intakes for Thiamin, Riboflavin, Niacin, Vitamin B6, Folate, Vitamin B12, Pantothenic Acid, Biotin, and Choline, National Academies Press."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-007-2199-9_16","article-title":"Cobalamin deficiency","volume":"56","author":"Herrmann","year":"2012","journal-title":"Subcell. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4865","DOI":"10.1016\/j.febslet.2007.09.012","article-title":"Pseudovitamin Is the Corrinoid Produced by Lactobacillus reuteri CRL1098 under Anaerobic Conditions","volume":"581","author":"Santos","year":"2007","journal-title":"FEBS Lett."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1197","DOI":"10.1038\/1801197a0","article-title":"Effect of Analogues on the Uptake of Vitamin B12 by the Intact Rat","volume":"180","author":"Latner","year":"1957","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bito, T., Bito, M., Hirooka, T., Okamoto, N., Harada, N., Yamaji, R., Nakano, Y., Inui, H., and Watanabe, F. (2020). Biological Activity of Pseudovitamin B12 on Cobalamin-Dependent Methylmalonyl-CoA Mutase and Methionine Synthase in Mammalian Cultured COS-7 Cells. Molecules, 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules25143268"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1266","DOI":"10.3181\/0703-MR-67","article-title":"Vitamin B12 Sources and Bioavailability","volume":"232","author":"Watanabe","year":"2007","journal-title":"Exp. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17040","DOI":"10.1038\/nrdp.2017.40","article-title":"Vitamin B12 Deficiency","volume":"3","author":"Green","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Dis. Primers"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13186","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.R113.458810","article-title":"Navigating the B12 Road: Assimilation, Delivery, and Disorders of Cobalamin","volume":"288","author":"Gherasim","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.3390\/nu2030299","article-title":"Vitamin B12 in Health and Disease","volume":"2","author":"Samman","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1002","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biochi.2012.11.004","article-title":"Vitamin B12 Absorption: Mammalian Physiology and Acquired and Inherited Disorders","volume":"95","author":"Kozyraki","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biochimie"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1042\/BJ20061394","article-title":"Structural Study on Ligand Specificity of Human Vitamin B12 Transporters","volume":"403","author":"Wuerges","year":"2007","journal-title":"Biochem. J."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17311","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0703228104","article-title":"Crystal Structure of Human Intrinsic Factor: Cobalamin Complex at 2.6-\u212b Resolution","volume":"104","author":"Mathews","year":"2007","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"989","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biochi.2012.12.006","article-title":"Gastric Intrinsic Factor: The Gastric and Small Intestinal Stages of Cobalamin Absorption. A Personal Journey","volume":"95","author":"Alpers","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biochimie"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.1016\/0888-7543(91)90329-D","article-title":"Human Gastric Intrinsic Factor: Characterization of CDNA and Genomic Clones and Localization to Human Chromosome 11","volume":"10","author":"Hewitt","year":"1991","journal-title":"Genomics"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"747","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V59.4.747.747","article-title":"The Biochemical and Genetic Basis for the Microheterogeneity of Human R-Type Vitamin B12 Binding Proteins","volume":"59","author":"Yang","year":"1982","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25466","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M113.483271","article-title":"Structural Basis for Universal Corrinoid Recognition by the Cobalamin Transport Protein Haptocorrin","volume":"288","author":"Furger","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1038\/nrgastro.2012.76","article-title":"Vitamin B12 Transport from Food to the Body\u2019s Cells\u2014A Sophisticated, Multistep Pathway","volume":"9","author":"Nielsen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(72)91684-4","article-title":"Does Malabsorption of Vitamin B12 Occur in Chronic Pancreatitis?","volume":"300","author":"Henderson","year":"1972","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1097\/00006676-199009000-00011","article-title":"Malabsorption of Vitamin B12 in Pancreatic Insufficiency of the Adult and of the Child","volume":"5","author":"Champigneulle","year":"1990","journal-title":"Pancreas"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1007\/s11938-018-0186-y","article-title":"Diagnosis and Management of Exocrine Pancreatic Insufficiency","volume":"16","author":"Forsmark","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. Treat. Options Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hygum, K., Lildballe, D.L., Greibe, E.H., Morkbak, A.L., Poulsen, S.S., Sorensen, B.S., Petersen, T.E., and Nexo, E. (2011). Mouse Transcobalamin Has Features Resembling Both Human Transcobalamin and Haptocorrin. PLoS ONE, 6.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0020638"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15095","DOI":"10.1021\/bi048924c","article-title":"Assembly of the Intrinsic Factor Domains and Oligomerization of the Protein in the Presence of Cobalamin","volume":"43","author":"Fedosov","year":"2004","journal-title":"Biochemistry"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6446","DOI":"10.1021\/bi062063l","article-title":"Mechanisms of Discrimination between Cobalamins and Their Natural Analogues during Their Binding to the Specific B12-Transporting Proteins","volume":"46","author":"Fedosov","year":"2007","journal-title":"Biochemistry"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjid.2013.01.009","article-title":"Association between Vitamin B12 Level and Anti-Parietal Cells and Anti-Intrinsic Factor Antibodies among Adult Jordanian Patients with Helicobacter Pylori Infection","volume":"17","author":"Ayesh","year":"2013","journal-title":"Braz. J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-020-0187-8","article-title":"Autoimmune Gastritis","volume":"6","author":"Lenti","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Dis. Primers"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1111\/jebm.12435","article-title":"Pernicious Anemia: Pathophysiology and Diagnostic Difficulties","volume":"14","author":"Htut","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Evid. Based Med."},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"Qudsiya, Z., and De Jesus, O. (2022). Subacute Combined Degeneration of the Spinal Cord, StatPearls Publishing."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5204","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-07468-4","article-title":"Structural Assembly of the Megadalton-Sized Receptor for Intestinal Vitamin B12 Uptake and Kidney Protein Reabsorption","volume":"9","author":"Larsen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"706","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0854.2010.01042.x","article-title":"AMN Directs Endocytosis of the Intrinsic Factor-Vitamin B12 Receptor Cubam by Engaging ARH or Dab2","volume":"11","author":"Pedersen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Traffic"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4787","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.01341","article-title":"Mouse Amnionless, Which Is Required for Primitive Streak Assembly, Mediates Cell-Surface Localization and Endocytic Function of Cubilin on Visceral Endoderm and Kidney Proximal Tubules","volume":"131","author":"Strope","year":"2004","journal-title":"Development"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10168","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-46559-0","article-title":"Loss of Cubilin, the Intrinsic Factor-Vitamin B12 Receptor, Impairs Visceral Endoderm Endocytosis and Endodermal Patterning in the Mouse","volume":"9","author":"Cases","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1039","DOI":"10.1007\/s00424-009-0685-8","article-title":"Receptor-Mediated Endocytosis in Renal Proximal Tubule","volume":"458","author":"Christensen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Pfl\u00fcgers Arch. Eur. J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1038\/nature08874","article-title":"Structural Basis for Receptor Recognition of Vitamin-B12\u2013Intrinsic Factor Complexes","volume":"464","author":"Andersen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1859","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2010050492","article-title":"Cubilin Is Essential for Albumin Reabsorption in the Renal Proximal Tubule","volume":"21","author":"Amsellem","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1573","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2003-08-2852","article-title":"The Functional Cobalamin (Vitamin B12)\u2013Intrinsic Factor Receptor Is a Novel Complex of Cubilin and Amnionless","volume":"103","author":"Fyfe","year":"2004","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12086","DOI":"10.14814\/phy2.12086","article-title":"Lack of Megalin Expression in Adult Human Terminal Ileum Suggests Megalin-Independent Cubilin\/Amnionless Activity during Vitamin B12 Absorption","volume":"2","author":"Jensen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Physiol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1186\/1750-1172-1-17","article-title":"Imerslund-Gr\u00e4sbeck Syndrome (Selective Vitamin B12 Malabsorption with Proteinuria)","volume":"1","year":"2006","journal-title":"Orphanet J. Rare Dis."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1186\/s13023-023-02889-x","article-title":"Imerslund-Gr\u00e4sbeck Syndrome: A Comprehensive Review of Reported Cases","volume":"18","author":"Kingma","year":"2023","journal-title":"Orphanet J. Rare Dis."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Storm, T., Zeitz, C., Cases, O., Amsellem, S., Verroust, P.J., Madsen, M., Benoist, J.-F., Passemard, S., Lebon, S., and J\u00f8nsson, I.M. (2013). Detailed Investigations of Proximal Tubular Function in Imerslund-Gr\u00e4sbeck Syndrome. BMC Med. Genet., 14.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2350-14-111"},{"key":"ref_44","first-page":"147","article-title":"A Long-Term Follow-up of an Imerslund-Grasbeck Syndrome Patient with Proteinuria","volume":"33","author":"Ercan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nefrologia"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1002\/jcsm.12260","article-title":"Vitamin B12 Deficiency and Impaired Expression of Amnionless during Aging","volume":"9","author":"Migliavacca","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30880","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.R114.609248","article-title":"Multidrug Resistance Protein 1 (MRP1, ABCC1), a \u201cMultitasking\u201d ATP-Binding Cassette (ABC) Transporter","volume":"289","author":"Cole","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1650","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1360704","article-title":"Overexpression of a Transporter Gene in a Multidrug-Resistant Human Lung Cancer Cell Line","volume":"258","author":"Cole","year":"1992","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1007\/s00424-006-0160-8","article-title":"Portrait of Multifaceted Transporter, the Multidrug Resistance-Associated Protein 1 (MRP1\/ABCC1)","volume":"453","author":"Bakos","year":"2007","journal-title":"Pflugers Arch. Eur. J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_49","first-page":"1237","article-title":"Tissue Distribution of the Multidrug Resistance Protein","volume":"148","author":"Flens","year":"1996","journal-title":"Am. J. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"757","DOI":"10.1177\/002215549904700605","article-title":"Tissue and Cell Distribution of the Multidrug Resistance-Associated Protein (MRP) in Mouse Intestine and Kidney","volume":"47","author":"Peng","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Histochem. Cytochem."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3389","DOI":"10.1091\/mbc.e02-11-0704","article-title":"Subcellular Localization and Activity of Multidrug Resistance Proteins","volume":"14","author":"Rajagopal","year":"2003","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Cell"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1632","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2009-07-232587","article-title":"Identification of Multidrug Resistance Protein 1 (MRP1\/ABCC1) as a Molecular Gate for Cellular Export of Cobalamin","volume":"115","author":"Hardlei","year":"2010","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1017\/S1462399403006422","article-title":"Cobalamin Transport Proteins and Their Cell-Surface Receptors","volume":"5","author":"Seetharam","year":"2003","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4397","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2010-12-322750","article-title":"Investigation of the ABC Transporter MRP1 in Selected Patients with Presumed Defects in Vitamin B12 Absorption","volume":"117","author":"Shah","year":"2011","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15455","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)66733-X","article-title":"Purification and Molecular Characterization of Human Transcobalamin II","volume":"261","author":"Quadros","year":"1986","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"C296","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpcell.1989.256.2.C296","article-title":"Endothelial Cells from Human Umbilical Vein Secrete Functional Transcobalamin II","volume":"256","author":"Quadros","year":"1989","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Cell Physiol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"G161","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.1999.277.1.G161","article-title":"Transcobalamin II Synthesized in the Intestinal Villi Facilitates Transfer of Cobalamin to the Portal Blood","volume":"277","author":"Quadros","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Gastrointest. Liver Physiol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"756","DOI":"10.1006\/bbrc.1995.1402","article-title":"Genomic Structure of Human Transcobalamin II: Comparison to Human Intrinsic Factor and Transcobalamin I","volume":"208","author":"Li","year":"1995","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4386","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0509099103","article-title":"Structural Basis for Mammalian Vitamin B12 Transport by Transcobalamin","volume":"103","author":"Wuerges","year":"2006","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1373\/clinchem.2005.057810","article-title":"The Cobalamin-Binding Proteins Transcobalamin and Haptocorrin in Maternal and Cord Blood Sera at Birth","volume":"52","author":"Obeid","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin. Chem."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1467","DOI":"10.1515\/cclm-2015-1167","article-title":"An International Standard for Holotranscobalamin (HoloTC): International Collaborative Study to Assign a HoloTC Value to the International Standard for Vitamin B12 and Serum Folate","volume":"54","author":"Thorpe","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Chem. Lab. Med. CCLM"},{"key":"ref_62","first-page":"141","article-title":"Failure of the Holotranscobalamin Assay in Vitamin B12-Deficient Patients","volume":"42","author":"Knoepfel","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Lab. Med."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1186\/s40064-016-1740-5","article-title":"Experimental Vitamin B12 Deficiency in a Human Subject: A Longitudinal Investigation of the Performance of the Holotranscobalamin (HoloTC, Active-B12) Immunoassay","volume":"5","author":"Golding","year":"2016","journal-title":"SpringerPlus"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"668","DOI":"10.1186\/s40064-016-2252-z","article-title":"Holotranscobalamin (HoloTC, Active-B12) and Herbert\u2019s Model for the Development of Vitamin B12 Deficiency: A Review and Alternative Hypothesis","volume":"5","author":"Golding","year":"2016","journal-title":"SpringerPlus"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1007\/s10545-013-9664-5","article-title":"Update on Transcobalamin Deficiency: Clinical Presentation, Treatment and Outcome","volume":"37","author":"Trakadis","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Inherit. Metab. Dis."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1007\/s10545-010-9145-z","article-title":"Transcobalamin Deficiency Caused by Compound Heterozygosity for Two Novel Mutations in the TCN2 Gene: A Study of Two Affected Siblings, Their Brother, and Their Parents","volume":"33","author":"Nissen","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Inherit. Metab. Dis."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2282","DOI":"10.1002\/mgg3.2282","article-title":"Progressive Myoclonic Ataxia and Developmental\/Epileptic Encephalopathy Associated with a Novel Homozygous Mutation in TCN2 Gene","volume":"12","author":"Oshi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mol. Genet. Genom. Med."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2141.2009.07937.x","article-title":"Advances in the Understanding of Cobalamin Assimilation and Metabolism","volume":"148","author":"Quadros","year":"2010","journal-title":"Br. J. Haematol."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"863","DOI":"10.5483\/BMBRep.2008.41.12.863","article-title":"Expression of CD320 in Human B Cells in Addition to Follicular Dendritic Cells","volume":"41","author":"Cho","year":"2008","journal-title":"BMB Rep."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2988","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.13-230185","article-title":"Mapping the Functional Domains of TCblR\/CD320, the Receptor for Cellular Uptake of Transcobalamin-bound Cobalamin","volume":"27","author":"Jiang","year":"2013","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1515\/cclm.2011.810","article-title":"Soluble Transcobalamin Receptor, SCD320, Is Present in Human Serum and Relates to Serum Cobalamin\u2014Establishment and Validation of an ELISA","volume":"50","author":"Arendt","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. Chem. Lab. Med."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-4827(79)90590-1","article-title":"Protein Mediated Vitamin Uptake","volume":"118","author":"Mellman","year":"1979","journal-title":"Exp. Cell. Res."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12100","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms12100","article-title":"Structural Basis of Transcobalamin Recognition by Human CD320 Receptor","volume":"7","author":"Alam","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112256","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yexcr.2020.112256","article-title":"Cellular Uptake of Vitamin B12: Role and Fate of TCblR\/CD320, the Transcobalamin Receptor","volume":"396","author":"Gick","year":"2020","journal-title":"Exp. Cell Res."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-4165(95)00037-C","article-title":"The Dynamics of Cobalamin Utilization in L-1210 Mouse Leukemia Cells: A Model of Cellular Cobalamin Metabolism","volume":"1244","author":"Quadros","year":"1995","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta BBA Gen. Subj."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3627","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/ddy267","article-title":"Mice Lacking the Transcobalamin-Vitamin B12 Receptor, CD320, Suffer from Anemia and Reproductive Deficits When Fed Vitamin B12-Deficient Diet","volume":"27","author":"Bernard","year":"2018","journal-title":"Hum. Mol. Genet."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"512","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2141.1999.01756.x","article-title":"Neutrophil Hypersegmentation in Iron Deficiency Anaemia: A Case-Control Study","volume":"107","author":"Westerman","year":"1999","journal-title":"Br. J. Haematol."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Arora, K., Sequeira, J.M., Hern\u00e1ndez, A.I., Alarcon, J.M., and Quadros, E.V. (2017). Behavioral Alterations Are Associated with Vitamin B12 Deficiency in the Transcobalamin Receptor\/CD320 KO Mouse. PLoS ONE, 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0177156"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-7075-9-41","article-title":"Vitamin B12 Deficiency in the Brain Leads to DNA Hypomethylation in the TCblR\/CD320 Knockout Mouse","volume":"9","author":"Lai","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nutr. Metab."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"444","DOI":"10.1177\/1099800415569506","article-title":"Association of Transcobalamin II (TCN2) and Transcobalamin II-Receptor (TCblR) Genetic Variations with Cobalamin Deficiency Parameters in Elderly Women","volume":"17","author":"Pangilinan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biol. Res. Nurs."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"924","DOI":"10.1002\/humu.21297","article-title":"Positive Newborn Screen for Methylmalonic Aciduria Identifies the First Mutation in TCblR\/CD320, the Gene for Cellular Uptake of Transcobalamin-Bound Vitamin B12","volume":"31","author":"Quadros","year":"2010","journal-title":"Hum. Mutat."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1124","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.a.62627","article-title":"Probing the Functional Consequence and Clinical Relevance of CD320 p.E88del, a Variant in the Transcobalamin Receptor Gene","volume":"188","author":"Pangilinan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am. J. Med. Genet. Part A"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1152","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.2386","article-title":"Mutations in ABCD4 Cause a New Inborn Error of Vitamin B12 Metabolism","volume":"44","author":"Coelho","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"725","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbapap.2008.12.004","article-title":"Molecular Basis of Multidrug Transport by ABC Transporters","volume":"1794","author":"Seeger","year":"2009","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta BBA Proteins Proteom."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1039","DOI":"10.1038\/s41422-019-0222-z","article-title":"Cryo-EM Structure of Human Lysosomal Cobalamin Exporter ABCD4","volume":"29","author":"Xu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell Res."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.3109\/09687688.2014.990998","article-title":"Purification and Interaction Analyses of Two Human Lysosomal Vitamin B12 Transporters: LMBD1 and ABCD4","volume":"31","author":"Deme","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mol. Membr. Biol."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.294","article-title":"Identification of a Putative Lysosomal Cobalamin Exporter Altered in the CblF Defect of Vitamin B12 Metabolism","volume":"41","author":"Rutsch","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30183","DOI":"10.1038\/srep30183","article-title":"Translocation of the ABC Transporter ABCD4 from the Endoplasmic Reticulum to Lysosomes Requires the Escort Protein LMBD1","volume":"6","author":"Kawaguchi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biochi.2016.05.001","article-title":"Lessons in Biology from Patients with Inherited Disorders of Vitamin B12 and Folate Metabolism","volume":"126","author":"Watkins","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biochimie"},{"key":"ref_90","unstructured":"Adam, M.P., Feldman, J., Mirzaa, G.M., Pagon, R.A., Wallace, S.E., Bean, L.J.H., Gripp, K.W., and Amemiya, A. (2021). Disorders of Intracellular Cobalamin Metabolism. GeneReviews, University of Washington."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"664","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymgme.2012.10.005","article-title":"Late Onset of Symptoms in an Atypical Patient with the CblJ Inborn Error of Vitamin B12 Metabolism: Diagnosis and Novel Mutation Revealed by Exome Sequencing","volume":"107","author":"Kim","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mol. Genet. Metab."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymgme.2011.01.002","article-title":"Novel Splice Site Mutations and a Large Deletion in Three Patients with the CblF Inborn Error of Vitamin B12 Metabolism","volume":"102","author":"Miousse","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mol. Genet. Metab."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2571","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.a.34220","article-title":"Eighteen-year Follow-up of a Patient with Cobalamin F Disease (CblF): Report and Review","volume":"155","author":"Alfadhel","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. J. Med. Genet. Part A"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1072","DOI":"10.1002\/humu.21001","article-title":"Spectrum of Mutations in MMACHC, Allelic Expression, and Evidence for Genotype-Phenotype Correlations","volume":"30","author":"Anastasio","year":"2009","journal-title":"Hum. Mutat."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103713","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejmg.2019.103713","article-title":"Mutation Spectrum of MMACHC in Chinese Pediatric Patients with Cobalamin C Disease: A Case Series and Literature Review","volume":"62","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. J. Med. Genet."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1038\/ng1683","article-title":"Identification of the Gene Responsible for Methylmalonic Aciduria and Homocystinuria, CblC Type","volume":"38","author":"Tirone","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-017-02306-5","article-title":"A PRDX1 Mutant Allele Causes a MMACHC Secondary Epimutation in CblC Patients","volume":"9","author":"Oussalah","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14551","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0805989105","article-title":"Decyanation of Vitamin B12 by a Trafficking Chaperone","volume":"105","author":"Kim","year":"2008","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-291X(90)90351-M","article-title":"Glutathionylcobalamin as an Intermediate in the Formation of Cobalamin Coenzymes","volume":"169","author":"Pezacka","year":"1990","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11847","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(19)86394-9","article-title":"Cobalamin Coenzyme Synthesis in Normal and Mutant Human Fibroblasts. Evidence for a Processing Enzyme Activity Deficient in CblC Cells","volume":"254","author":"Mellman","year":"1979","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbadis.2016.10.016","article-title":"Methionine Synthase and Methionine Synthase Reductase Interact with MMACHC and with MMADHC","volume":"1863","author":"Bassila","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta BBA Mol. Basis Dis."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1186\/s13023-022-02179-y","article-title":"Adult-Onset CblC Deficiency: A Challenging Diagnosis Involving Different Adult Clinical Specialists","volume":"17","author":"Kalantari","year":"2022","journal-title":"Orphanet J. Rare Dis."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymgme.2021.01.006","article-title":"Methionine Dependence in Tumor Cells: The Potential Role of Cobalamin and MMACHC","volume":"132","author":"Sorin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mol. Genet. Metab."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108111","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymgme.2023.108111","article-title":"Growth Requirement for Methionine in Human Melanoma-Derived Cell Lines with Different Levels of MMACHC Expression and Methylation","volume":"141","author":"Bauer","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mol. Genet. Metab."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1454","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa072200","article-title":"Gene Identification for the CblD Defect of Vitamin B12 Metabolism","volume":"358","author":"Coelho","year":"2008","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16334","DOI":"10.1021\/jacs.0c06590","article-title":"An Interprotein Co\u2013S Coordination Complex in the B12-Trafficking Pathway","volume":"142","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymgme.2011.04.004","article-title":"Expression of Mmachc and Mmadhc during Mouse Organogenesis","volume":"103","author":"Pupavac","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mol. Genet. Metab."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1410","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/ddr579","article-title":"Molecular Mechanisms Leading to Three Different Phenotypes in the CblD Defect of Intracellular Cobalamin Metabolism","volume":"21","author":"Stucki","year":"2012","journal-title":"Hum. Mol. Genet."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymgme.2010.10.011","article-title":"Interaction between MMACHC and MMADHC, Two Human Proteins Participating in Intracellular Vitamin B12 Metabolism","volume":"102","author":"Plesa","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mol. Genet. Metab."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymgme.2012.07.001","article-title":"Structural Features of Recombinant MMADHC Isoforms and Their Interactions with MMACHC, Proteins of Mammalian Vitamin B12 Metabolism","volume":"107","author":"Deme","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mol. Genet. Metab."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29167","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M115.683268","article-title":"Structural Insights into the MMACHC-MMADHC Protein Complex Involved in Vitamin B12 Trafficking","volume":"290","author":"Froese","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42742","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M407733200","article-title":"The CblD Defect Causes Either Isolated or Combined Deficiency of Methylcobalamin and Adenosylcobalamin Synthesis","volume":"279","author":"Suormala","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1007\/8904_2013_232","article-title":"Severe Neonatal Metabolic Decompensation in Methylmalonic Acidemia Caused by CblD Defect","volume":"11","author":"Parini","year":"2013","journal-title":"JIMD Rep."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1058","DOI":"10.1128\/MCB.21.4.1058-1065.2001","article-title":"Targeted Disruption of the Methionine Synthase Gene in Mice","volume":"21","author":"Swanson","year":"2001","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Biol."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"F562","DOI":"10.1152\/ajprenal.2001.280.4.F562","article-title":"Megalin and Cubilin: Synergistic Endocytic Receptors in Renal Proximal Tubule","volume":"280","author":"Christensen","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Ren. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Menezo, Y., Elder, K., Clement, A., and Clement, P. (2022). Folic Acid, Folinic Acid, 5 Methyl TetraHydroFolate Supplementation for Mutations That Affect Epigenesis through the Folate and One-Carbon Cycles. Biomolecules, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/biom12020197"},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1263","DOI":"10.1016\/S0969-2126(96)00135-9","article-title":"The Structure of the C-Terminal Domain of Methionine Synthase: Presenting S-Adenosylmethionine for Reductive Methylation of B12","volume":"4","author":"Dixon","year":"1996","journal-title":"Structure"},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3628","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.272.6.3628","article-title":"Human Methionine Synthase. CDNA Cloning, Gene Localization, and Expression","volume":"272","author":"Chen","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"919","DOI":"10.1016\/0959-440X(94)90275-5","article-title":"Cobalamin-Dependent Methionine Synthase: The Structure of a Methylcobalamin-Binding Fragment and Implications for Other B12-Dependent Enzymes","volume":"4","author":"Drennan","year":"1994","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Struct. Biol."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S54","DOI":"10.1007\/PL00014305","article-title":"Methylenetetrahydrofolate Reductase and Methionine Synthase: Biochemistry and Molecular Biology","volume":"157","author":"Matthews","year":"1998","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1033","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biochi.2013.01.020","article-title":"Molecular and Cellular Effects of Vitamin B12 in Brain, Myocardium and Liver through Its Role as Co-Factor of Methionine Synthase","volume":"95","author":"Alberto","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biochimie"},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1859","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/5.12.1859","article-title":"Defects in Human Methionine Synthase in CblG Patients","volume":"5","author":"Gulati","year":"1996","journal-title":"Hum. Mol. Genet."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.1320340320","article-title":"Functional Methionine Synthase Deficiency (CblE and CblG): Clinical and Biochemical Heterogeneity","volume":"34","author":"Watkin","year":"1989","journal-title":"Am. J. Med. Genet."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1086\/341354","article-title":"Hyperhomocysteinemia Due to Methionine Synthase Deficiency, CblG: Structure of the MTR Gene, Genotype Diversity, and Recognition of a Common Mutation, P1173L","volume":"71","author":"Watkins","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am. J. Hum. Genet."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1080\/10409238.2021.1979459","article-title":"Causes and Consequences of Impaired Methionine Synthase Activity in Acquired and Inherited Disorders of Vitamin B12 Metabolism","volume":"57","author":"Kosgei","year":"2022","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Biochem. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38204","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M110.177717","article-title":"Structures of the Human GTPase MMAA and Vitamin B12-Dependent Methylmalonyl-CoA Mutase and Insight into Their Complex Formation","volume":"285","author":"Froese","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1631\/jzus.B1100329","article-title":"Role of Vitamin B12 on Methylmalonyl-CoA Mutase Activity","volume":"13","author":"Flores","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Zhejiang Univ. Sci. B"},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1265","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbadis.2019.01.021","article-title":"Genetic, Structural, and Functional Analysis of Pathogenic Variations Causing Methylmalonyl-CoA Epimerase Deficiency","volume":"1865","author":"Heuberger","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta BBA Mol. Basis Dis."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gouda, H., Mascarenhas, R., Pillay, S., Ruetz, M., Koutmos, M., and Banerjee, R. (2021). Patient Mutations in Human ATP:Cob(I)Alamin Adenosyltransferase Differentially Affect Its Catalytic versus Chaperone Functions. J. Biol. Chem., 297.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbc.2021.101373"},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pratt, J.M. (1964). 988. The Chemistry of Vitamin B12. Part II. Photochemical Reactions. J. Chem. Soc., 5154\u20135160.","DOI":"10.1039\/jr9640005154"},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biochi.2017.09.012","article-title":"Human MMAA Induces the Release of Inactive Cofactor and Restores Methylmalonyl-CoA Mutase Activity through Their Complex Formation","volume":"142","author":"Michalak","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biochimie"},{"key":"ref_132","first-page":"55","article-title":"Mutation Profile of the MUT Gene in Chinese Methylmalonic Aciduria Patients","volume":"6","author":"Liu","year":"2012","journal-title":"JIMD Rep. Case Res. Rep."},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1002\/humu.20128","article-title":"Molecular Basis of Methylmalonyl-CoA Mutase Apoenzyme Defect in 40 European Patients Affected by Mut\u00b0 and Mut-Forms of Methylmalonic Acidemia: Identification of 29 Novel Mutations in the MUT Gene","volume":"25","author":"Acquaviva","year":"2005","journal-title":"Hum. Mutat."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"690","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI109715","article-title":"Inherited Methylmalonyl CoA Mutase Apoenzyme Deficiency in Human Fibroblasts","volume":"65","author":"Willard","year":"1980","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1070","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqab122","article-title":"Fewer US Adults Had Low or Transitional Vitamin B12 Status Based on the Novel Combined Indicator of Vitamin B12 Status Compared with Individual, Conventional Markers, NHANES 1999\u20132004","volume":"114","author":"Mineva","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"552","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.111.015222","article-title":"Monitoring of Vitamin B-12 Nutritional Status in the United States by Using Plasma Methylmalonic Acid and Serum Vitamin B-12","volume":"94","author":"Bailey","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajcnut.2023.05.016","article-title":"Folate and Vitamin B12 Usual Intake and Biomarker Status by Intake Source in United States Adults Aged \u226519 y: NHANES 2007\u20132018","volume":"118","author":"Zhou","year":"2023","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"971","DOI":"10.3945\/an.117.015628","article-title":"Cobalamin Status from Pregnancy to Early Childhood: Lessons from Global Experience","volume":"8","author":"Obeid","year":"2017","journal-title":"Adv. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.1007\/s00391-018-1410-z","article-title":"Klinisch-H\u00e4matologisches Bild Des Vitamin-B12-Mangels Im Alter","volume":"51","author":"Kolb","year":"2018","journal-title":"Z. Gerontol. Geriatr."},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Devi, A., Rush, E., Harper, M., and Venn, B. (2018). Vitamin B12 Status of Various Ethnic Groups Living in New Zealand: An Analysis of the Adult Nutrition Survey 2008\/2009. Nutrients, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu10020181"},{"key":"ref_141","first-page":"e52153","article-title":"Etiology, Clinical Manifestations, Diagnosis, and Treatment of Cobalamin (Vitamin B12) Deficiency","volume":"16","author":"Jajoo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1093\/qjmed\/hcn138","article-title":"An Update on Cobalamin Deficiency in Adults","volume":"102","author":"Andres","year":"2009","journal-title":"QJM Int. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1503\/cmaj.1031155","article-title":"Vitamin B12 (Cobalamin) Deficiency in Elderly Patients","volume":"171","author":"Loukili","year":"2004","journal-title":"Can. Med. Assoc. J."},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2435","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2013.280490","article-title":"Proton Pump Inhibitor and Histamine 2 Receptor Antagonist Use and Vitamin B12 Deficiency","volume":"310","author":"Lam","year":"2013","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2603","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2016-10-569186","article-title":"Vitamin B12 Deficiency from the Perspective of a Practicing Hematologist","volume":"129","author":"Green","year":"2017","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1720","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198806303182604","article-title":"Neuropsychiatric Disorders Caused by Cobalamin Deficiency in the Absence of Anemia or Macrocytosis","volume":"318","author":"Lindenbaum","year":"1988","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2005.03.009","article-title":"Vitamin B12, Demyelination, Remyelination and Repair in Multiple Sclerosis","volume":"233","author":"Miller","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"920","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(87)91411-5","article-title":"Vitamin B12 Deficiency, Demyelination, and Multiple Sclerosis","volume":"330","author":"Reynolds","year":"1987","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12474","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0805350105","article-title":"B-Vitamin Deficiency Causes Hyperhomocysteinemia and Vascular Cognitive Impairment in Mice","volume":"105","author":"Troen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1047","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biochi.2013.02.008","article-title":"Diagnosis and Management of Clinical and Subclinical Cobalamin Deficiencies: Why Controversies Persist in the Age of Sensitive Metabolic Testing","volume":"95","author":"Carmel","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biochimie"},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.1007\/s10354-016-0515-5","article-title":"Autoimmune Gastritis","volume":"166","year":"2016","journal-title":"Wien. Med. Wochenschr."},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5121","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.15.5121","article-title":"Pernicious Anemia: New Insights from a Gastroenterological Point of View","volume":"15","author":"Lahner","year":"2009","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1097\/MOG.0b013e3283505852","article-title":"Subclinical Cobalamin Deficiency","volume":"28","author":"Carmel","year":"2012","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"496","DOI":"10.1111\/bjh.12959","article-title":"Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Cobalamin and Folate Disorders","volume":"166","author":"Devalia","year":"2014","journal-title":"Br. J. Haematol."},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc1204070","article-title":"Failures of Cobalamin Assays in Pernicious Anemia","volume":"367","author":"Carmel","year":"2012","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1373\/clinchem.2005.061382","article-title":"Measurement of Total Vitamin B12 and Holotranscobalamin, Singly and in Combination, in Screening for Metabolic Vitamin B12 Deficiency","volume":"52","author":"Miller","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin. Chem."},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359S","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.111.013458","article-title":"Holotranscobalamin, a Marker of Vitamin B-12 Status: Analytical Aspects and Clinical Utility","volume":"94","author":"Nexo","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"869","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajhg.2016.03.005","article-title":"A Common Polymorphism in HIBCH Influences Methylmalonic Acid Concentrations in Blood Independently of Cobalamin","volume":"98","author":"Molloy","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. J. Hum. Genet."},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1995S","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/nxy201","article-title":"Biomarkers of Nutrition for Development (BOND): Vitamin B-12 Review","volume":"148","author":"Allen","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_160","first-page":"1215","article-title":"Combined Indicator of Vitamin B12 Status: Modification for Missing Biomarkers and Folate Status and Recommendations for Revised Cut-Points","volume":"53","author":"Fedosov","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. Chem. Lab. Med. CCLM"},{"key":"ref_161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1007\/s10545-016-9991-4","article-title":"Guidelines for Diagnosis and Management of the Cobalamin-related Remethylation Disorders CblC, CblD, CblE, CblF, CblG, CblJ and MTHFR Deficiency","volume":"40","author":"Huemer","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Inherit. Metab. Dis."},{"key":"ref_162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shen, W., Gao, C., Cueto, R., Liu, L., Fu, H., Shao, Y., Yang, W.Y., Fang, P., Choi, E.T., and Wu, Q. (2020). Homocysteine-Methionine Cycle Is a Metabolic Sensor System Controlling Methylation-Regulated Pathological Signaling. Redox Biol., 28.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.redox.2019.101322"},{"key":"ref_163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2005-872394","article-title":"Homocysteine: Overview of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Role in Disease Processes","volume":"5","author":"Fowler","year":"2005","journal-title":"Semin. Vasc. Med."},{"key":"ref_164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.3109\/00365513.2011.581389","article-title":"The Vitamin B12 Absorption Test, CobaSorb, Identifies Patients Not Requiring Vitamin B12 Injection Therapy","volume":"71","author":"Hvas","year":"2011","journal-title":"Scand. J. Clin. Lab. Investig."},{"key":"ref_165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2151","DOI":"10.1373\/clinchem.2005.055509","article-title":"Nonradioactive Vitamin B12 Absorption Test Evaluated in Controls and in Patients with Inherited Malabsorption of Vitamin B12","volume":"51","author":"Bor","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin. Chem."},{"key":"ref_166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cca.2006.08.009","article-title":"Plasma Holotranscobalamin Compared with Plasma Cobalamins for Assessment of Vitamin B12 Absorption; Optimisation of a Non-Radioactive Vitamin B12 Absorption Test (CobaSorb)","volume":"376","author":"Hvas","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1214","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajcnut.2023.08.020","article-title":"Bioavailability and Daily Requirement of Vitamin B12 in Adult Humans: An Observational Study of Its Colonic Absorption and Daily Excretion as Measured by [13C]-Cyanocobalamin Kinetics","volume":"118","author":"Kurpad","year":"2023","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Garrod, M.G., Rossow, H.A., Calvert, C.C., Miller, J.W., Green, R., Buchholz, B.A., and Allen, L.H. (2019). 14C-Cobalamin Absorption from Endogenously Labeled Chicken Eggs Assessed in Humans Using Accelerator Mass Spectrometry. Nutrients, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11092148"},{"key":"ref_169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2040","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMcp1113996","article-title":"Vitamin B12 Deficiency","volume":"368","author":"Stabler","year":"2013","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2014.01.048","article-title":"Diagnosis and Classification of Autoimmune Gastritis","volume":"13","author":"Toh","year":"2014","journal-title":"Autoimmun. Rev."},{"key":"ref_171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2071","DOI":"10.1038\/ajg.2009.231","article-title":"Reassessment of Intrinsic Factor and Parietal Cell Autoantibodies in Atrophic Gastritis With Respect to Cobalamin Deficiency","volume":"104","author":"Lahner","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e37","DOI":"10.1017\/S1462399410001651","article-title":"Genetic Disorders of Vitamin B 12 Metabolism: Eight Complementation Groups\u2014Eight Genes","volume":"12","author":"Froese","year":"2010","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_173","unstructured":"(2024, June 01). British Society for Haematology BSH Guidance on B12 Replacement during the COVID-19 Pandemic. Available online: https:\/\/b-s-h.org.uk\/media\/18275\/bsh-guidance-b12-replacement-covid-1901052020finalv.pdf."},{"key":"ref_174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2630-0","article-title":"Age-Induced Accumulation of Methylmalonic Acid Promotes Tumour Progression","volume":"585","author":"Gomes","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Berkins, S., Schi\u00f6th, H.B., and Rukh, G. (2021). Depression and Vegetarians: Association between Dietary Vitamin B6, B12 and Folate Intake and Global and Subcortical Brain Volumes. Nutrients, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13061790"},{"key":"ref_176","first-page":"e11169","article-title":"Vitamin B12 Supplementation: Preventing Onset and Improving Prognosis of Depression","volume":"12","author":"Sangle","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref_177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1295","DOI":"10.2174\/092986712799462559","article-title":"Glutamate and Multiple Sclerosis","volume":"19","author":"Frigo","year":"2012","journal-title":"Curr. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_178","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mathew, A.R., Di Matteo, G., La Rosa, P., Barbati, S.A., Mannina, L., Moreno, S., Tata, A.M., Cavallucci, V., and Fidaleo, M. (2024). Vitamin B12 Deficiency and the Nervous System: Beyond Metabolic Decompensation\u2014Comparing Biological Models and Gaining New Insights into Molecular and Cellular Mechanisms. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25010590"},{"key":"ref_179","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alruwaili, M., Basri, R., AlRuwaili, R., Albarrak, A.M., and Ali, N.H. (2023). Neurological Implications of Vitamin B12 Deficiency in Diet: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Healthcare, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/healthcare11070958"},{"key":"ref_180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-220410","article-title":"Serum Homocysteine, Vitamin B12, Folate, and Their Association with Mild Cognitive Impairment and Subtypes of Dementia","volume":"90","author":"Song","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Alzheimers Dis."},{"key":"ref_181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1017\/S1041610211002511","article-title":"Cognitive Impairment and Vitamin B12: A Review","volume":"24","author":"Moore","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. Psychogeriatr."},{"key":"ref_182","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1111\/cns.13207","article-title":"B Vitamins in the Nervous System: Current Knowledge of the Biochemical Modes of Action and Synergies of Thiamine, Pyridoxine, and Cobalamin","volume":"26","year":"2020","journal-title":"CNS Neurosci. Ther."},{"key":"ref_183","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2891-14-6","article-title":"Role of Homocysteine in the Development of Cardiovascular Disease","volume":"14","author":"Ganguly","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nutr. J."},{"key":"ref_184","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2000-8469","article-title":"Homocysteine, Coagulation, Platelet Function, And Thrombosis","volume":"26","author":"Coppola","year":"2000","journal-title":"Semin. Thromb. Hemost."},{"key":"ref_185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1186\/s13256-017-1415-z","article-title":"Venous Thromboembolism and Hyperhomocysteinemia as First Manifestation of Pernicious Anemia: A Case Series","volume":"11","author":"Ammouri","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Med. Case Rep."},{"key":"ref_186","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Azzini, E., Raguzzini, A., and Polito, A. (2021). A Brief Review on Vitamin B12 Deficiency Looking at Some Case Study Reports in Adults. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22189694"},{"key":"ref_187","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1392","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwy004","article-title":"Hyperhomocysteinemia and Risk of First Venous Thrombosis: The Influence of (Unmeasured) Confounding Factors","volume":"187","author":"Cannegieter","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_188","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"743","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01799166","article-title":"Plasma Total Odd-chain Fatty Acids in the Monitoring of Disorders of Propionate, Methylmalonate and Biotin Metabolism","volume":"19","author":"Huijmans","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Inherit. Metab. Dis."},{"key":"ref_189","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1038\/s42255-022-00553-5","article-title":"Altered Propionate Metabolism Contributes to Tumour Progression and Aggressiveness","volume":"4","author":"Gomes","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Metab."},{"key":"ref_190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1186\/s12935-023-02973-z","article-title":"Methylmalonic Acid Promotes Colorectal Cancer Progression via Activation of Wnt\/\u03b2-Catenin Pathway Mediated Epithelial\u2013Mesenchymal Transition","volume":"23","author":"Hu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cancer Cell Int."},{"key":"ref_191","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2000945","DOI":"10.1002\/mnfr.202000945","article-title":"Is There a Carcinogenic Risk Attached to Vitamin B12 Deficient Diets and What Should We Do About It? Reviewing the Facts","volume":"65","author":"Loedin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mol. Nutr. Food Res."},{"key":"ref_192","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Obeid, R. (2022). High Plasma Vitamin B12 and Cancer in Human Studies: A Scoping Review to Judge Causality and Alternative Explanations. Nutrients, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14214476"},{"key":"ref_193","first-page":"240","article-title":"Evaluation of Serum Vitamin B12 Levels in Patients with Colon and Breast Cancer: A Case-Control Study","volume":"17","author":"Haghighat","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Hematol. Oncol. Stem Cell Res."},{"key":"ref_194","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/95.5.373","article-title":"Plasma Folate, Vitamin B6, Vitamin B12, Homocysteine, and Risk of Breast Cancer","volume":"95","author":"Zhang","year":"2003","journal-title":"JNCI J. Natl. Cancer Inst."},{"key":"ref_195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1926","DOI":"10.1038\/bjc.2013.438","article-title":"Association of Vitamin B6, Vitamin B12 and Methionine with Risk of Breast Cancer: A Dose\u2013Response Meta-Analysis","volume":"109","author":"Wu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Br. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_196","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1246","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.30536","article-title":"Biomarkers of Folate and Vitamin B12 and Breast Cancer Risk: Report from the EPIC Cohort","volume":"140","author":"Matejcic","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_197","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfma.2017.05.002","article-title":"Single Allele Lmbrd1 Knockout Results in Cardiac Hypertrophy","volume":"117","author":"Tseng","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Formos. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_198","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1610","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2006.07.026","article-title":"Identification of a Common Gene Expression Signature in Dilated Cardiomyopathy Across Independent Microarray Studies","volume":"48","author":"Barth","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_199","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113545","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2023.113545","article-title":"FTY720 Requires Vitamin B12-TCN2-CD320 Signaling in Astrocytes to Reduce Disease in an Animal Model of Multiple Sclerosis","volume":"42","author":"Jonnalagadda","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"ref_200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"752","DOI":"10.1080\/15216540701736285","article-title":"Role of the MRP1\/ABCC1 Multidrug Transporter Protein in Cancer","volume":"59","author":"Munoz","year":"2007","journal-title":"IUBMB Life"},{"key":"ref_201","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122076","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2022.122076","article-title":"Combinatory Therapy of MRP1-Targeted Photoimmunotherapy and Liposomal Doxorubicin Promotes the Antitumor Effect for Chemoresistant Small Cell Lung Cancer","volume":"625","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2220012120","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2220012120","article-title":"A Macrocyclic Peptide Inhibitor Traps MRP1 in a Catalytically Incompetent Conformation","volume":"120","author":"Pietz","year":"2023","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_203","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100795","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drup.2021.100795","article-title":"Targeting Multidrug Resistance-Associated Protein 1 (MRP1)-Expressing Cancers: Beyond Pharmacological Inhibition","volume":"59","author":"Hanssen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Drug Resist. Updates"},{"key":"ref_204","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alhaji, J.H. (2022). Vitamin B12 Deficiency in Patients with Diabetes on Metformin: Arab Countries. Nutrients, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14102046"},{"key":"ref_205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1423","DOI":"10.1111\/dom.14734","article-title":"Metformin-induced Vitamin B12 Deficiency Can Cause or Worsen Distal Symmetrical, Autonomic and Cardiac Neuropathy in the Patient with Diabetes","volume":"24","author":"Bell","year":"2022","journal-title":"Diabetes Obes. Metab."},{"key":"ref_206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"916","DOI":"10.4239\/wjd.v12.i7.916","article-title":"Long-Term Metformin Therapy and Vitamin B12 Deficiency: An Association to Bear in Mind","volume":"12","author":"Infante","year":"2021","journal-title":"World J. Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_207","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1227","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.23.9.1227","article-title":"Increased Intake of Calcium Reverses Vitamin B12 Malabsorption Induced by Metformin","volume":"23","author":"Bauman","year":"2000","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_208","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdiacomp.2017.11.001","article-title":"Long-Term Treatment with Metformin in Type 2 Diabetes and Methylmalonic Acid: Post Hoc Analysis of a Randomized Controlled 4.3 Year Trial","volume":"32","author":"Out","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Diabetes Complicat."},{"key":"ref_209","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1911","DOI":"10.1038\/s42255-023-00916-6","article-title":"Vitamin B12 Is a Limiting Factor for Induced Cellular Plasticity and Tissue Repair","volume":"5","author":"Kovatcheva","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Metab."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/25\/15\/8021\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T15:21:48Z","timestamp":1760109708000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/25\/15\/8021"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,23]]},"references-count":209,"journal-issue":{"issue":"15","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms25158021"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms25158021","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,23]]}}}