{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T04:49:03Z","timestamp":1787028543811,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":161,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,24]],"date-time":"2024-07-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1721779200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Bulgarian Ministry of Education and Science (MES)","award":["BG-RRP-2.004-0006-C02"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BG-RRP-2.004-0006-C02"]}]},{"name":"Medical Faculty, Trakia University","award":["BG-RRP-2.004-0006-C02"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BG-RRP-2.004-0006-C02"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Oxidative stress is a major source of ROS-mediated damage to macromolecules, tissues, and the whole body. It is an important marker in the severe picture of pathological conditions. The discovery of free radicals in biological systems gives a \u201cstart\u201d to studying various pathological processes related to the development and progression of many diseases. From this moment on, the enrichment of knowledge about the participation of free radicals and free-radical processes in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular, neurodegenerative, and endocrine diseases, inflammatory conditions, and infections, including COVID-19, is increasing exponentially. Excessive inflammatory responses and abnormal reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels may disrupt mitochondrial dynamics, increasing the risk of cell damage. In addition, low serum albumin levels and changes in the normal physiological balance between reduced and oxidized albumin can be a serious prerequisite for impaired antioxidant capacity of the body, worsening the condition in patients. This review presents the interrelationship between oxidative stress, inflammation, and low albumin levels, which are hallmarks of COVID-19.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25158045","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,24]],"date-time":"2024-07-24T15:47:32Z","timestamp":1721836052000},"page":"8045","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Stable Nitroxide as Diagnostic Tools for Monitoring of Oxidative Stress and Hypoalbuminemia in the Context of COVID-19"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0552-6266","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ekaterina","family":"Georgieva","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General and Clinical Pathology, Forensic Medicine, Deontology and Dermatovenerology, Medical Faculty, Trakia University, 11 Armeiska Str., 6000 Stara Zagora, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julian","family":"Ananiev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General and Clinical Pathology, Forensic Medicine, Deontology and Dermatovenerology, Medical Faculty, Trakia University, 11 Armeiska Str., 6000 Stara Zagora, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yovcho","family":"Yovchev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery and Anesthesiology, University Hospital \u201cProf. Dr. St. Kirkovich\u201d, 6000 Stara Zagora, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Georgi","family":"Arabadzhiev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery and Anesthesiology, University Hospital \u201cProf. Dr. St. Kirkovich\u201d, 6000 Stara Zagora, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3581-8836","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hristo","family":"Abrashev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Vascular Surgery, Medical Faculty, Trakia University, 11 Armeiska Str., 6000 Stara Zagora, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-9999-271X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vyara","family":"Zaharieva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General and Clinical Pathology, Forensic Medicine, Deontology and Dermatovenerology, Medical Faculty, Trakia University, 11 Armeiska Str., 6000 Stara Zagora, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vasil","family":"Atanasov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Forensic Toxicology Laboratory, Military Medical Academy, 3 G. 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