{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,18]],"date-time":"2026-07-18T17:22:47Z","timestamp":1784395367106,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":82,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,24]],"date-time":"2024-07-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1721779200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"gifts from the Donald G. and Jodi P. Heeringa Family"},{"name":"Department of Research and Advanced Studies of Universidad Aut\u00f3noma del Estado de M\u00e9xico and the Consejo Nacional de Humanidades, Ciencias y Tecnolog\u00edas (CONAHCYT)"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Spinocerebellar ataxia type 3 (SCA3) is the most common type of disease related to poly-glutamine (polyQ) repeats. Its hallmark pathology is related to the abnormal accumulation of ataxin 3 with a longer polyQ tract (polyQ-ATXN3). However, there are other mechanisms related to SCA3 progression that require identifying trait and state biomarkers for a more accurate diagnosis and prognosis. Moreover, the identification of potential pharmacodynamic targets and assessment of therapeutic efficacy necessitates valid biomarker profiles. The aim of this review was to identify potential trait and state biomarkers and their potential value in clinical trials. Our results show that, in SCA3, there are different fluid biomarkers involved in neurodegeneration, oxidative stress, metabolism, miRNA and novel genes. However, neurofilament light chain NfL and polyQ-ATXN3 stand out as the most prevalent in body fluids and SCA3 stages. A heterogeneity analysis of NfL revealed that it may be a valuable state biomarker, particularly when measured in plasma. Nonetheless, since it could be a more beneficial approach to tracking SCA3 progression and clinical trial efficacy, it is more convenient to perform a biomarker profile evaluation than to rely on only one.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25158074","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,24]],"date-time":"2024-07-24T15:47:32Z","timestamp":1721836052000},"page":"8074","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Specific Biomarkers in Spinocerebellar Ataxia Type 3: A Systematic Review of Their Potential Uses in Disease Staging and Treatment Assessment"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Alexandra E.","family":"Soto-Pi\u00f1a","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma del Estado de M\u00e9xico, Toluca 50180, Mexico"},{"name":"Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Caroline C.","family":"Pulido-Alvarado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma del Estado de M\u00e9xico, Toluca 50180, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5517-9875","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jaroslaw","family":"Dulski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA"},{"name":"Division of Neurological and Psychiatric Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical University of Gdansk, 80-211 Gdansk, Poland"},{"name":"Neurology Department, St Adalbert Hospital, Copernicus PL Ltd., 80-462 Gdansk, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5487-1053","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zbigniew K.","family":"Wszolek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4399-4618","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jonathan J.","family":"Maga\u00f1a","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Genomic Medicine, Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitaci\u00f3n\u2014Luis Guillermo Ibarra, Ibarra, Ciudad de M\u00e9xico 14389, Mexico"},{"name":"Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Sciences, Tecnol\u00f3gico de Monterrey, Campus Ciudad de M\u00e9xico, Ciudad de M\u00e9xico 14380, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-019-0074-3","article-title":"Spinocerebellar ataxia","volume":"5","author":"Klockgether","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. 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