{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T20:34:11Z","timestamp":1790886851301,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":104,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,25]],"date-time":"2024-07-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1721865600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"The S\u00e3o Paulo Research Foundation, FAPESP","award":["2015\/18273-9"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2015\/18273-9"]}]},{"name":"The S\u00e3o Paulo Research Foundation, FAPESP","award":["21\/13846-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21\/13846-1"]}]},{"name":"The S\u00e3o Paulo Research Foundation, FAPESP","award":["17\/16377-7"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["17\/16377-7"]}]},{"name":"The S\u00e3o Paulo Research Foundation, FAPESP","award":["16\/13159-6"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["16\/13159-6"]}]},{"name":"The S\u00e3o Paulo Research Foundation, FAPESP","award":["16\/13156-7"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["16\/13156-7"]}]},{"name":"The S\u00e3o Paulo Research Foundation, FAPESP","award":["001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["001"]}]},{"name":"Scholarships from FAPESP","award":["2015\/18273-9"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2015\/18273-9"]}]},{"name":"Scholarships from FAPESP","award":["21\/13846-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21\/13846-1"]}]},{"name":"Scholarships from FAPESP","award":["17\/16377-7"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["17\/16377-7"]}]},{"name":"Scholarships from FAPESP","award":["16\/13159-6"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["16\/13159-6"]}]},{"name":"Scholarships from FAPESP","award":["16\/13156-7"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["16\/13156-7"]}]},{"name":"Scholarships from FAPESP","award":["001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["001"]}]},{"name":"Coordena\u00e7\u00e3o de Aperfei\u00e7oamento de Pessoal de N\u00edvel Superior\u2014Brasil (CAPES)","award":["2015\/18273-9"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2015\/18273-9"]}]},{"name":"Coordena\u00e7\u00e3o de Aperfei\u00e7oamento de Pessoal de N\u00edvel Superior\u2014Brasil (CAPES)","award":["21\/13846-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21\/13846-1"]}]},{"name":"Coordena\u00e7\u00e3o de Aperfei\u00e7oamento de Pessoal de N\u00edvel Superior\u2014Brasil (CAPES)","award":["17\/16377-7"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["17\/16377-7"]}]},{"name":"Coordena\u00e7\u00e3o de Aperfei\u00e7oamento de Pessoal de N\u00edvel Superior\u2014Brasil (CAPES)","award":["16\/13159-6"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["16\/13159-6"]}]},{"name":"Coordena\u00e7\u00e3o de Aperfei\u00e7oamento de Pessoal de N\u00edvel Superior\u2014Brasil (CAPES)","award":["16\/13156-7"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["16\/13156-7"]}]},{"name":"Coordena\u00e7\u00e3o de Aperfei\u00e7oamento de Pessoal de N\u00edvel Superior\u2014Brasil (CAPES)","award":["001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["001"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Oral bacteria are implicated not only in oral diseases but also in gut dysbiosis and inflammatory conditions throughout the body. The periodontal pathogen Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans (Aa) often occurs in complex oral biofilms with Streptococcus gordonii (Sg), and this interaction might influence the pathogenic potential of this pathogen. This study aims to assess the impact of oral inoculation with Aa, Sg, and their association (Aa+Sg) on alveolar bone loss, oral microbiome, and their potential effects on intestinal health in a murine model. Sg and\/or Aa were orally administered to C57Bl\/6 mice, three times per week, for 4 weeks. Aa was also injected into the gingiva three times during the initial experimental week. After 30 days, alveolar bone loss, expression of genes related to inflammation and mucosal permeability in the intestine, serum LPS levels, and the composition of oral and intestinal microbiomes were determined. Alveolar bone resorption was detected in Aa, Sg, and Aa+Sg groups, although Aa bone levels did not differ from that of the SHAM-inoculated group. Il-1\u03b2 expression was upregulated in the Aa group relative to the other infected groups, while Il-6 expression was downregulated in infected groups. Aa or Sg downregulated the expression of tight junction genes Cldn 1, Cldn 2, Ocdn, and Zo-1 whereas infection with Aa+Sg led to their upregulation, except for Cldn 1. Aa was detected in the oral biofilm of the Aa+Sg group but not in the gut. Infections altered oral and gut microbiomes. The oral biofilm of the Aa group showed increased abundance of Gammaproteobacteria, Enterobacterales, and Alloprevotella, while Sg administration enhanced the abundance of Alloprevotella and Rothia. The gut microbiome of infected groups showed reduced abundance of Erysipelotrichaceae. Infection with Aa or Sg disrupts both oral and gut microbiomes, impacting oral and gut homeostasis. While the combination of Aa with Sg promotes Aa survival in the oral cavity, it mitigates the adverse effects of Aa in the gut, suggesting a beneficial role of Sg associations in gut health.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25158090","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,25]],"date-time":"2024-07-25T06:11:36Z","timestamp":1721887896000},"page":"8090","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Experimental Inoculation of Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans and Streptococcus gordonii and Its Impact on Alveolar Bone Loss and Oral and Gut Microbiomes"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Catarina Medeiros","family":"Rocha","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Science, University of S\u00e3o Paulo, S\u00e3o Paulo 05508-000, SP, Brazil"},{"name":"Department of Stomatology, School of Dentistry, University of S\u00e3o Paulo, S\u00e3o Paulo 05508-000, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6702-7000","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dione","family":"Kawamoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Science, University of S\u00e3o Paulo, S\u00e3o Paulo 05508-000, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3390-0545","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fernando Henrique","family":"Martins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Science, University of S\u00e3o Paulo, S\u00e3o Paulo 05508-000, SP, Brazil"},{"name":"Department of Stomatology, School of Dentistry, University of S\u00e3o Paulo, S\u00e3o Paulo 05508-000, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3073-039X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Manuela Rocha","family":"Bueno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Science, University of S\u00e3o Paulo, S\u00e3o Paulo 05508-000, SP, Brazil"},{"name":"Department of Stomatology, School of Dentistry, University of S\u00e3o Paulo, S\u00e3o Paulo 05508-000, SP, Brazil"},{"name":"Division of Periodontics, Faculdade S\u00e3o Leopoldo Mandic, S\u00e3o Leopoldo Mandic Research Institute, Campinas 13045-755, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3926-3572","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karin H.","family":"Ishikawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Science, University of S\u00e3o Paulo, S\u00e3o Paulo 05508-000, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ellen Sayuri","family":"Ando-Suguimoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Science, University of S\u00e3o Paulo, S\u00e3o Paulo 05508-000, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4411-1795","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aline Ramos","family":"Carlucci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Science, University of S\u00e3o Paulo, S\u00e3o Paulo 05508-000, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2675-9675","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Leticia Sandoli","family":"Arroteia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Prosthesis and Periodontology, School of Dentistry, University of Campinas, Campinas 13083-875, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Renato V.","family":"Casarin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Prosthesis and Periodontology, School of Dentistry, University of Campinas, Campinas 13083-875, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7592-7538","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luciana","family":"Saraiva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Stomatology, School of Dentistry, University of S\u00e3o Paulo, S\u00e3o Paulo 05508-000, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria Regina Lorenzetti","family":"Simionato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Science, University of S\u00e3o Paulo, S\u00e3o Paulo 05508-000, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5910-8433","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marcia Pinto Alves","family":"Mayer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Science, University of S\u00e3o Paulo, S\u00e3o Paulo 05508-000, SP, Brazil"},{"name":"Department of Stomatology, School of Dentistry, University of S\u00e3o Paulo, S\u00e3o Paulo 05508-000, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S173","DOI":"10.1002\/JPER.17-0721","article-title":"Periodontitis: Consensus report of workgroup 2 of the 2017 World Workshop on the Classification of Periodontal and Peri-Implant Diseases and Conditions","volume":"89","author":"Papapanou","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. 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