{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,13]],"date-time":"2026-07-13T22:11:52Z","timestamp":1783980712184,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,25]],"date-time":"2024-07-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1721865600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Medical University of Bia\u0142ystok","award":["B.SUB.24.305"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["B.SUB.24.305"]}]},{"name":"Medical University of Bia\u0142ystok","award":["SUB1\/NN\/22\/001\/2201"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SUB1\/NN\/22\/001\/2201"]}]},{"name":"Medical University of Bia\u0142ystok","award":["B.SUB.23.359"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["B.SUB.23.359"]}]},{"name":"Medical University of Bia\u0142ystok","award":["SUB\/2\/NN\/22\/001\/2201"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SUB\/2\/NN\/22\/001\/2201"]}]},{"name":"National Science Centre, Poland","award":["B.SUB.24.305"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["B.SUB.24.305"]}]},{"name":"National Science Centre, Poland","award":["SUB1\/NN\/22\/001\/2201"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SUB1\/NN\/22\/001\/2201"]}]},{"name":"National Science Centre, Poland","award":["B.SUB.23.359"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["B.SUB.23.359"]}]},{"name":"National Science Centre, Poland","award":["SUB\/2\/NN\/22\/001\/2201"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SUB\/2\/NN\/22\/001\/2201"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Myocarditis (MC) is defined as an immunological inflammatory reaction with various etiologies, clinical presentations and prognoses within the myocardium. Currently, parvovirus B19 (PVB19) has become the main factor leading to this disease, replacing the previously dominant viruses A and B. In the case of chronic heart failure with subsequent dilated cardiomyopathy, approximately 67% have a viral etiology, and most of them are the result of PVB19 infection. However, the analysis showed a correlation between PVB19 infection and the risk of developing inflammatory dilated cardiomyopathy (DCMi). PVB19 is detected in 23% of patients with DCMi. Chronic infection may also contribute to progressive left ventricular failure in patients with a history of MC. The above effect suggests the active replication of PVB19 only in heart biopsies with inflammation due to MC or DCMi. Moreover, the supply of IFN-\u03b2 to suppress the active transcription of PVB19 accompanied by DCMi over a period of 6 months results in the normalization of NT-proBNP and an improvement in LVEF along with NYHA performance. The small number of reports on this topic and inaccuracies resulting from constantly conducted research and ongoing changes make it impossible to clearly answer the question of whether PVB19 is a factor inducing de novo MC and DCM or only accompanies the above conditions. However, large clinical cohort studies lead to the perception of PVB19 as a viral etiological agent capable of causing de novo MC together with DCMi.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25158127","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,25]],"date-time":"2024-07-25T13:10:28Z","timestamp":1721913028000},"page":"8127","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Viral Myocarditis as a Factor Leading to the Development of Heart Failure Symptoms, Including the Role of Parvovirus B19 Infection\u2014Systematic Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8964-5520","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sebastian","family":"Krych","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Student\u2019s Scientific Association, Department of Cardiac, Vascular and Endovascular Surgery and Transplantology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia, 40-055 Katowice, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Agata","family":"J\u0119czmyk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Student\u2019s Scientific Association, Department of Descriptive and Topographic Anatomy, Faculty of Medical Siences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia, 40-055 Katowice, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-1542-4730","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Micha\u0142","family":"Jurkiewicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Student\u2019s Scientific Association, 3rd Department of Cardiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia, 40-055 Katowice, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martyna","family":"\u017burek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zbigniew Religa Student\u2019s Scientific Association, Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia, 40-055 Katowice, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2739-4615","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ma\u0142gorzata","family":"Jekie\u0142ek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Jagiellonian University Collegium Medicum, 31-008 Cracow, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4025-3750","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pawe\u0142","family":"Kowalczyk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Nutrition, The Kielanowski Institute of Animal Physiology and Nutrition, Polish Academy of Sciences, Instytucka 3, 05-110 Jab\u0142onna, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karol","family":"Kramkowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Chemistry, Medical University of Bialystok, Kili\u0144skiego 1, 15-089 Bia\u0142ystok, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8945-7351","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tomasz","family":"Hrapkowicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Silesian Centre for Heart Diseases in Zabrze, Department of Cardiac, Vascular and Endovascular Surgery and Transplantology, Medical University of Silesia, 40-055 Katowice, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1097\/DCC.0000000000000402","article-title":"Viral Myocarditis","volume":"39","author":"Narovlyanskaya","year":"2020","journal-title":"Dimens. Crit. Care Nurs."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3599","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehab368","article-title":"ESC Scientific Document Group. 2021 ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure","volume":"42","author":"McDonagh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bracamonte-Baran, W., and \u010cih\u00e1kov\u00e1, D. (2017). Cardiac Autoimmunity: Myocarditis. The Immunology of Cardiovascular Homeostasis and Pathology, Springer. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-57613-8_10"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1002\/ejhf.1969","article-title":"Viral presence-guided immunomodulation in lymphocytic myocarditis: An update","volume":"23","author":"Sinagra","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. J. Heart Fail."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1591","DOI":"10.1053\/j.jvca.2019.12.052","article-title":"Viral Myocarditis\u2014Incidence, Diagnosis and Management","volume":"34","author":"Olejniczak","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Cardiothorac. Vasc. Anesth."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Golpour, A., Patriki, D., Hanson, P.J., McManus, B., and Heidecker, B. (2021). Epidemiological Impact of Myocarditis. J. Clin. Med., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10040603"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1007\/s000590050021","article-title":"The European Study of Epidemiology and Treatment of Cardiac Inflammatory Diseases (ESETCID)","volume":"25","author":"Hufnagel","year":"2000","journal-title":"Herz"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e145186","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI145186","article-title":"Immune checkpoint inhibitor-associated myocarditis: Manifestations and mechanisms","volume":"131","author":"Moslehi","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Clin Investig."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schultheiss, H.P., Baumeier, C., Aleshcheva, G., Bock, C.T., and Escher, F. (2021). Viral Myocarditis\u2014From Pathophysiology to Treatment. JCM, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10225240"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccep.2015.03.009","article-title":"Arrhythmias in viral myocarditis and pericarditis","volume":"7","author":"Baksi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Card. Electrophysiol. Clin."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"496","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.115.306573","article-title":"Myocarditis","volume":"118","author":"Fung","year":"2016","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1124","DOI":"10.1007\/s11547-020-01279-8","article-title":"Myocarditis: Imaging up to date","volume":"125","author":"Liguori","year":"2020","journal-title":"Radiol. Med."},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"169","article-title":"Myocarditis and inflammatory cardiomyopathy: Current evidence and future directions","volume":"18","author":"Ammirati","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1097\/BOR.0000000000000303","article-title":"Viral myocarditis","volume":"28","author":"Rose","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"670","DOI":"10.1038\/nrcardio.2015.108","article-title":"Viral myocarditis\u2014Diagnosis, treatment options, and current controversies","volume":"12","author":"Pollack","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1002\/bdra.23588","article-title":"Parvovirus B19 infection during pregnancy and risks to the fetus","volume":"109","author":"Ornoy","year":"2017","journal-title":"Birth Defects Res."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105207","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2021.105207","article-title":"Association of parvovirus B19 and myocarditis\/dilated cardiomyopathy: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"162","author":"Khatami","year":"2022","journal-title":"Microb. Pathog."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1007\/s00414-018-1921-6","article-title":"Fatal parvovirus B19 infections: A report of two autopsy cases","volume":"133","author":"Hu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Leg. Med."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Badrinath, A., Bhatta, S., and Kloc, A. (2022). Persistent viral infections and their role in heart disease. Front. Microbiol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2022.1030440"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1016\/j.recesp.2015.10.018","article-title":"Update on Myocarditis and Inflammatory Cardiomyopathy: Reemergence of Endomyocardial Biopsy","volume":"69","author":"Dominguez","year":"2016","journal-title":"Rev. Espa\u00f1ola Cardiol. (Engl. Ed.)"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2015.10.137","article-title":"Up-regulation of epithelial Na(+) channel ENaC by human parvovirus B19 capsid protein VP1","volume":"468","author":"Ahmed","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.33594\/000000470","article-title":"Virus-Host Interactions of Enteroviruses and Parvovirus B19 in Myocarditis","volume":"55","author":"Ho","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell. Physiol. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"ytac262","DOI":"10.1093\/ehjcr\/ytac262","article-title":"Systemic leak capillary syndrome with myocardial involvement and cardiogenic shock: A case report","volume":"6","author":"Garatti","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J. Case Rep."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1245","DOI":"10.5114\/aoms.2018.79002","article-title":"Viral genome changes and the impact of viral genome persistence in myocardium of patients with inflammatory cardiomyopathy","volume":"14","author":"Mlejnek","year":"2018","journal-title":"Arch. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107155","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carpath.2019.107155","article-title":"Myocarditis: Somethings old and something new","volume":"44","author":"Razzano","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"498","DOI":"10.1007\/s10047-021-01247-7","article-title":"Fulminant myocarditis parvovirus B19 related in a young woman","volume":"24","author":"Pesce","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Artif. Organs"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-020-00360-y","article-title":"Fulminant myocarditis: A comprehensive review from etiology to treatments and outcomes","volume":"5","author":"Hang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Signal Transduct. Target. Ther."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Callon, D., Joanne, P., Andreoletti, L., Agbulut, O., Chevalier, P., and Forn\u00e8s, P. (2024). Viral myocarditis in combination with genetic cardiomyopathy as a cause of sudden death. An autopsy series. BMC Cardiovasc. Disord., 24.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12872-024-03913-z"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Callon, D., Berri, F., Lebreil, A.L., Forn\u00e8s, P., and Andreoletti, L. (2021). Coinfection of Parvovirus B19 with Influenza A\/H1N1 Causes Fulminant Myocarditis and Pneumonia. An Autopsy Case Report. Pathogens, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens10080958"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1277","DOI":"10.1002\/ejhf.1738","article-title":"Viral genome search in myocardium of patients with fulminant myocarditis","volume":"22","author":"Veronese","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. J. Heart Fail."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1007\/s00059-020-04900-8","article-title":"Inflammatory dilated cardiomyopathy","volume":"45","author":"Maisch","year":"2020","journal-title":"Herz"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1430","DOI":"10.1002\/ejhf.665","article-title":"Relevance of cardiac parvovirus B19 in myocarditis and dilated cardiomyopathy: Review of the literature","volume":"18","author":"Verdonschot","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. J. Heart Fail"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2348","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2016.09.937","article-title":"The Quest for New Approaches in Myocarditis and Inflammatory Cardiomyopathy","volume":"68","author":"Heymans","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1248","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc0911362","article-title":"Human Parvovirus B19\u2013Associated Myocarditis","volume":"362","author":"Bock","year":"2010","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schultheiss, H.P., Bock, C.T., Aleshcheva, G., Baumeier, C., Poller, W., and Escher, F. (2022). Interferon-\u03b2 Suppresses Transcriptionally Active Parvovirus B19 Infection in Viral Cardiomyopathy: A Subgroup Analysis of the BICC-Trial. Viruses, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/v14020444"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Krejci, J., Mlejnek, D., Sochorova, D., and Nemec, P. (2016). Inflammatory Cardiomyopathy: A Current View on the Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, and Treatment. BioMed Res. Int., 2016.","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/4087632"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1002\/rmv.2131","article-title":"An overview of the immune mechanisms of viral myocarditis","volume":"30","author":"Lasrado","year":"2020","journal-title":"Rev. Med. Virol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.4103\/apc.APC_124_19","article-title":"Detection of parvovirus B19 and human herpesvirus 6 in pediatric dilated cardiomyopathy: Impact after heart transplantation","volume":"13","author":"Das","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann. Pediatr. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.5935\/0103-507X.20140046","article-title":"Fulminant myocarditis associated with the H1N1 influenza virus: Case report and literature review","volume":"26","author":"Lobo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Rev. Bras. Ter. Intensiv."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gopal, R., Marinelli, M.A., and Alcorn, J.F. (2020). Immune Mechanisms in Cardiovascular Diseases Associated with Viral Infection. Front. Immunol.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.570681"},{"key":"ref_41","first-page":"e12007","article-title":"Influenza Myocarditis: A Literature Review","volume":"12","author":"Baral","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Paslawski, R., Kowalczyk, P., Paslawska, U., Wi\u015bniewski, J., Dzi\u0119giel, P., Janiszewski, A., Kiczak, L., Zacharski, M., Gawdzik, B., and Kramkowski, K. (2024). Analysis of the Model of Atherosclerosis Formation in Pig Hearts as a Result of Impaired Activity of DNA Repair Enzymes. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25042282"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"801","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molcel.2017.05.015","article-title":"ATM, ATR, and DNA-PK: The Trinity at the Heart of the DNA Damage Response","volume":"66","author":"Blackford","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mol. Cell"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13768","DOI":"10.1111\/acel.13768","article-title":"DNA repair in cardiomyocytes is critical for maintaining cardiac function in mice","volume":"22","author":"Chang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Aging Cell"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1795","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.121.056589","article-title":"NAD+ Metabolism in Cardiac Health, Aging, and Disease","volume":"144","author":"Abdellatif","year":"2021","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13782","DOI":"10.1111\/acel.13782","article-title":"Loss of DNA repair mechanisms in cardiac myocytes induce dilated cardiomyopathy","volume":"22","author":"Henpita","year":"2023","journal-title":"Aging Cell"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-physiol-021115-105127","article-title":"DNA Damage and Repair in Vascular Disease","volume":"78","author":"Uryga","year":"2016","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15104","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms15104","article-title":"DNA single-strand break-induced DNA damage response causes heart failure","volume":"8","author":"Higo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8845607","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/8845607","article-title":"Cardiac Inflammation, Oxidative Stress, Nrf2 Expression, and Coagulation Events in Mice with Experimental Chronic Kidney Disease","volume":"2021","author":"Nemmar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Oxid. Med. Cell Longev."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/25\/15\/8127\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T15:23:24Z","timestamp":1760109804000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/25\/15\/8127"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,25]]},"references-count":49,"journal-issue":{"issue":"15","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms25158127"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms25158127","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,25]]}}}