{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T18:18:04Z","timestamp":1792001884486,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,28]],"date-time":"2024-07-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1722124800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"German Research Association (DFG)","award":["HE 2458\/20-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HE 2458\/20-1"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Obesity is an emerging public health problem. Chronic low-grade inflammation is considered a major promotor of obesity-induced secondary diseases such as cardiovascular and fatty liver disease, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and several cancer entities. Most preliminary studies on obesity-induced immune responses have been conducted in male rodents. Sex-specific differences between men and women in obesity-induced immune dysregulation have not yet been fully outlined but are highly relevant to optimizing prevention strategies for overweight-associated complications. In this study, we fed C57BL\/6 female vs. male mice with either standard chow or an obesity-inducing diet (OD). Blood and spleen immune cells were isolated and analyzed by flow cytometry. Lean control mice showed no sex bias in systemic and splenic immune cell composition, whereas the immune responses to obesity were significantly distinct between female and male mice. While immune cell alterations in male OD mice were characterized by a significant reduction in T cells and an increase in myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC), female OD mice displayed preserved T cell numbers. The sex-dependent differences in obesity-induced T cell dysregulation were associated with varying susceptibility to body weight gain and fatty liver disease: Male mice showed significantly more hepatic inflammation and histopathological stigmata of fatty liver in comparison to female OD mice. Our findings indicate that sex impacts susceptibility to obesity-induced T cell dysregulation, which might explain sex-dependent different incidences in the development of obesity-associated secondary diseases. These results provide novel insights into the understanding of obesity-induced chronic inflammation from a sex-specific perspective. Given that most nutrition, exercise, and therapeutic recommendations for the prevention of obesity-associated comorbidities do not differentiate between men and women, the data of this study are clinically relevant and should be taken into consideration in future trials and treatment strategies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25158234","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,30]],"date-time":"2024-07-30T09:37:25Z","timestamp":1722332245000},"page":"8234","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Sex-Dependent T Cell Dysregulation in Mice with Diet-Induced Obesity"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-6035-2916","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christina","family":"Brummer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine III, Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strau\u00df Allee 11, 93053 Regensburg, Germany"},{"name":"Bavarian Cancer Research Centre (BZKF), 93053 Regensburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katrin","family":"Singer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine III, Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strau\u00df Allee 11, 93053 Regensburg, Germany"},{"name":"Bavarian Cancer Research Centre (BZKF), 93053 Regensburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Almut","family":"Brand","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine III, Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strau\u00df Allee 11, 93053 Regensburg, Germany"},{"name":"Bavarian Cancer Research Centre (BZKF), 93053 Regensburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christina","family":"Bruss","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bavarian Cancer Research Centre (BZKF), 93053 Regensburg, Germany"},{"name":"Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Hospital Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strau\u00df Allee 11, 93053 Regensburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kathrin","family":"Renner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bavarian Cancer Research Centre (BZKF), 93053 Regensburg, Germany"},{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University Hospital Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strau\u00df Allee 11, 93053 Regensburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wolfgang","family":"Herr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine III, Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strau\u00df Allee 11, 93053 Regensburg, Germany"},{"name":"Bavarian Cancer Research Centre (BZKF), 93053 Regensburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8781-8187","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tobias","family":"Pukrop","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine III, Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strau\u00df Allee 11, 93053 Regensburg, Germany"},{"name":"Bavarian Cancer Research Centre (BZKF), 93053 Regensburg, Germany"},{"name":"Comprehensive Cancer Center Eastern Bavaria (CCCO), 93053 Regensburg, Germany"},{"name":"Center of Translational Oncology (CTO), 93053 Regensburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2560-9598","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christoph","family":"Dorn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Pharmacy, University of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9472-4461","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Claus","family":"Hellerbrand","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biochemistry, University of Erlangen, 91054 Erlangen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carina","family":"Matos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine III, Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strau\u00df Allee 11, 93053 Regensburg, Germany"},{"name":"Bavarian Cancer Research Centre (BZKF), 93053 Regensburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8762-9861","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marina","family":"Kreutz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine III, Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Regensburg, 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