{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,15]],"date-time":"2026-07-15T23:51:27Z","timestamp":1784159487673,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,29]],"date-time":"2024-07-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1722211200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Polpharma Scientific Foundation","award":["1\/XX\/2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1\/XX\/2021"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients have an increased risk of infections and infection-related mortality. Therefore, during the global SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, SLE patients were particularly vulnerable to SARS-CoV-2 infections. Also, compared to other patients, SLE patients seem to develop more severe manifestations of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), with higher rates of hospitalization, invasive ventilation requirements, or death. This study evaluated the immune parameters after SARS-CoV-2 infection in SLE patients. We analyzed subpopulations of peripheral blood cells collected from patients with renal manifestation of SLE (lupus nephritis, LN). LN patients were divided into two subgroups: those unexposed to SARS-CoV-2 (LN CoV-2(\u2212)) and those who had confirmed COVID-19 (LN-CoV-2(+)) six months earlier. We analyzed basic subpopulations of T cells, B cells, monocytes, dendritic cells (DCs), and serum cytokines using flow cytometry. All collected data were compared to a healthy control group without SARS-CoV-2 infection in medical history. LN patients were characterized by a decreased percentage of helper T (Th) cells and an increased percentage of cytotoxic T (Tc) cells regardless of SARS-CoV-2 infection. LN CoV-2(+) patients had a higher percentage of regulatory T cells (Tregs) and plasmablasts (PBs) and a lower percentage of non-switched memory (NSM) B cells compared to LN CoV-2(\u2212) patients or healthy controls (HC CoV-2(\u2212)). LN patients had a higher percentage of total monocytes compared with HC CoV-2(\u2212). LN CoV-2(+) patients had a higher percentage of classical and intermediate monocytes than LN CoV-2(\u2212) patients and HC CoV-2(\u2212). LN CoV-2(+) patients had higher serum IL-6 levels than HC CoV-2(\u2212), while LN CoV-2(\u2212) patients had higher levels of serum IL-10. LN patients are characterized by disturbances in the blood\u2019s basic immunological parameters. However, SARS-CoV-2 infection influences B-cell and monocyte compartments.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25158278","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,30]],"date-time":"2024-07-30T17:08:34Z","timestamp":1722359314000},"page":"8278","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells and Serum Cytokines in Patients with Lupus Nephritis after COVID-19"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6086-0024","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katarzyna A.","family":"Lisowska","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Gda\u0144sk, 80-211 Gda\u0144sk, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0672-4136","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Klaudia","family":"Ciesielska-Figlon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Gda\u0144sk, 80-211 Gda\u0144sk, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5766-1913","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Micha\u0142","family":"Komorniczak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nephrology, Transplantology and Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Gda\u0144sk, 80-211 Gda\u0144sk, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2190-2903","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Barbara","family":"Bu\u0142\u0142o-Piontecka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nephrology, Transplantology and Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Gda\u0144sk, 80-211 Gda\u0144sk, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8210-8063","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alicja","family":"D\u0119bska-\u015alizie\u0144","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nephrology, Transplantology and Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Gda\u0144sk, 80-211 Gda\u0144sk, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4392-5594","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna","family":"Wardowska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Gda\u0144sk, 80-211 Gda\u0144sk, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1286","DOI":"10.1177\/0961203313493032","article-title":"Infection risk in systemic lupus erythematosus patients: Susceptibility factors and preventive strategies","volume":"22","author":"Danza","year":"2013","journal-title":"Lupus"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Quaglia, M., Merlotti, G., De Andrea, M., Borgogna, C., and Cantaluppi, V. 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