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Among these molecules, brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) has garnered significant attention due to its involvement in regulating GABAergic system development and function. In this review, we summarize and compare the expression patterns and roles of neurotrophins and their receptors in both the developing and adult brains of rodents, macaques, and humans. Then, we focus on the implications of BDNF in the development and function of GABAergic neurons from the cortex and the striatum, as both the presence of BDNF single nucleotide polymorphisms and disruptions in BDNF levels alter the excitatory\/inhibitory balance in the brain. This imbalance has different implications in the pathogenesis of neurodevelopmental diseases like autism spectrum disorder (ASD), Rett syndrome (RTT), and schizophrenia (SCZ). Altogether, evidence shows that neurotrophins, especially BDNF, are essential for the development, maintenance, and function of the brain, and disruptions in their expression or signaling are common mechanisms in the pathophysiology of brain diseases.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25158312","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,30]],"date-time":"2024-07-30T17:08:34Z","timestamp":1722359314000},"page":"8312","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":37,"title":["Neurotrophins and Their Receptors: BDNF\u2019s Role in GABAergic Neurodevelopment and Disease"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-4223-936X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlos","family":"Hern\u00e1ndez-del Ca\u00f1o","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Neurociencias de Castilla y Le\u00f3n (INCyL), 37007 Salamanca, Spain"},{"name":"Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica de Salamanca (IBSAL), 37007 Salamanca, Spain"},{"name":"Departamento de Biolog\u00eda Celular y Patolog\u00eda, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3334-7521","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Natalia","family":"Varela-Andr\u00e9s","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Neurociencias de Castilla y Le\u00f3n (INCyL), 37007 Salamanca, Spain"},{"name":"Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica de Salamanca (IBSAL), 37007 Salamanca, Spain"},{"name":"Departamento de Biolog\u00eda Celular y Patolog\u00eda, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2779-7657","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alejandro","family":"Cebri\u00e1n-Le\u00f3n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Neurociencias de Castilla y Le\u00f3n (INCyL), 37007 Salamanca, Spain"},{"name":"Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica de Salamanca (IBSAL), 37007 Salamanca, Spain"},{"name":"Departamento de Biolog\u00eda Celular y Patolog\u00eda, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9279-7867","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rub\u00e9n","family":"Deogracias","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Neurociencias de Castilla y Le\u00f3n (INCyL), 37007 Salamanca, Spain"},{"name":"Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica de Salamanca (IBSAL), 37007 Salamanca, Spain"},{"name":"Departamento de Biolog\u00eda Celular y Patolog\u00eda, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"13","article-title":"Induction of Embryonic Primordia by Implantation of Organizers from a Different Species. 1923","volume":"45","author":"Spemann","year":"2001","journal-title":"Int. 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