{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,8]],"date-time":"2025-12-08T22:02:52Z","timestamp":1765231372608,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,30]],"date-time":"2024-07-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1722297600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"JSPS KAKENHI","award":["23K05222","JPJ000418"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["23K05222","JPJ000418"]}]},{"name":"A Scheme to Revitalize Agriculture and Fisheries in Disaster Area through Deploying Highly Advanced Technology","award":["23K05222","JPJ000418"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["23K05222","JPJ000418"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Blossom end enlargement (BEE) is a postharvest deformation that may be related to the influx of photosynthetic assimilates before harvest. To elucidate the mechanism by which BEE occurs, expression marker genes that indicate the physiological condition of BEE-symptomatic fruit are necessary. First, we discovered that preharvest treatment with a synthetic cytokinin, N-(2-Chloro-4-pyridyl)-N\u2019-phenylurea (CPPU), promoted fruit growth and suppressed BEE occurrence. This suggests that excessive assimilate influx is not a main cause of BEE occurrence. Subsequently, the expression levels of seven sugar-starvation marker genes, CsSEF1, AS, CsFDI1, CsPID, CsFUL1, CsETR1, and CsERF1B, were compared among symptomatic and asymptomatic fruits, combined with and without CPPU treatment. Only CsSEF1 showed a higher expression level in asymptomatic fruits than in symptomatic fruits, regardless of CPPU treatment. This was then tested using fruits stored via the modified-atmosphere packaging technique, which resulted in a lower occurrence of BEE, and the asymptomatic fruits showed a higher CsSEF1 expression level than symptomatic fruits, regardless of the packaging method. CsSEF1 codes a CCCH-type zinc finger protein, and an increase in the expression of CsSEF1 was correlated with a decrease in the fruit respiration rate. Thus, CsSEF1 may be usable as a BEE expression marker gene.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25158317","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,30]],"date-time":"2024-07-30T17:08:34Z","timestamp":1722359314000},"page":"8317","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Search for Expression Marker Genes That Reflect the Physiological Conditions of Blossom End Enlargement Occurrence in Cucumber"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-6180-7596","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rui","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"United Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-8-1, Saiwaicho, Fuchu 183-0054, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Runewa","family":"Atarashi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for International Field Agriculture, Research and Education, College of Agriculture, Ibaraki University, Ami 4668-1, Ami, Inashiki 300-0331, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8211-3559","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Agung Dian","family":"Kharisma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Jl. Flora No. 1 Bulaksumur, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nur Akbar","family":"Arofatullah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Jl. Flora No. 1 Bulaksumur, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yuki","family":"Tashiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"United Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-8-1, Saiwaicho, Fuchu 183-0054, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Junjira","family":"Satitmunnaithum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Organization for the Strategic Coordination of Research and Intellectual Properties, Meiji University, Kawasaki 214-8571, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5098-3007","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sayuri","family":"Tanabata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for International Field Agriculture, Research and Education, College of Agriculture, Ibaraki University, Ami 4668-1, Ami, Inashiki 300-0331, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0255-0842","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kenji","family":"Yamane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Agriculture, Utsunomiya University, Mine 350, Utsunomiya 321-8505, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8474-8774","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tatsuo","family":"Sato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for International Field Agriculture, Research and Education, College of Agriculture, Ibaraki University, Ami 4668-1, Ami, Inashiki 300-0331, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.2503\/hortj.UTD-380","article-title":"Cultivation conditions affect the occurrence of blossom-end enlargement in cucumber","volume":"91","author":"Satitmunnaithum","year":"2022","journal-title":"Hort. J."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"15","article-title":"Study to determine the cause of cucumber apex fattening phenomenon","volume":"15","author":"Matsumoto","year":"1979","journal-title":"Bull. Tonami Hortic. Branch. Stn."},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"11","article-title":"Effect of storage temperature, fruit shape and modified atmosphere packaging on apex enlargement in cucumber [Cucumis sativus] fruits","volume":"10","author":"Okabayashi","year":"2001","journal-title":"Bull. Kochi Agric. Res. Cent."},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"39","article-title":"Studies on the generation factor of apex enlargement in cucumber fruits during the transportation and control method","volume":"17","author":"Igarashi","year":"2005","journal-title":"Bull. Yamagata Hort. Res."},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"175","article-title":"Studies on the physiological disorders in fruit vegetable crops under plastic films. VIII. On the occurrence of abnormal fruits in cucumber plants. (II) On the development of carrot type and bottle gourd type fruits, so-called sakibosori and shiributo fruits in Japan","volume":"26","author":"Kato","year":"1977","journal-title":"Res. Rep. Kouchi Univ. (Agric. Sci.)"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.1007\/s00425-012-1787-7","article-title":"Expression of CsSEF1 gene encoding putative CCCH zinc finger protein is induced by defoliation and prolonged darkness in cucumber fruit","volume":"237","author":"Tazuke","year":"2013","journal-title":"Planta"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.17660\/ActaHortic.2001.553.138","article-title":"Modified atmosphere packaging of fresh fruit and vegetables\u2014An overview","volume":"553","author":"Day","year":"2001","journal-title":"Acta Hort."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3470","DOI":"10.1007\/s13197-012-0840-7","article-title":"Effect of modified atmosphere packaging and storage conditions on quality characteristics of cucumber","volume":"51","author":"Manjunatha","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1201","DOI":"10.1016\/S0031-9422(00)94556-4","article-title":"Cytokinin activity of N-phenyl-N\u2032-(4-pyridyl) urea derivatives","volume":"17","author":"Takahashi","year":"1978","journal-title":"Phytochemistry"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2017.09.150","article-title":"Effects of exogenous application of CPPU, NAA and GA4+7 on parthenocarpy and fruit quality in cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.)","volume":"243","author":"Qian","year":"2018","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1438-8677.2009.00203.x","article-title":"Spatio-temporal changes in cell division, endoreduplication and expression of cell cycle-related genes in pollinated and plant growth substances-treated ovaries of cucumber","volume":"12","author":"Fu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Plant Biol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1007\/s11738-014-1766-7","article-title":"Expression of the BTB\/POZ domain-containing protein AT1G63850-like gene CsFDI1 is enhanced by sugar starvation in cucumber fruit","volume":"37","author":"Tazuke","year":"2015","journal-title":"Acta Physiol. Plant"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1007\/s12298-017-0452-9","article-title":"The expression of a candidate cucumber fruit sugar starvation marker gene CsSEF1 is enhanced in malformed fruit induced by salinity","volume":"23","author":"Tazuke","year":"2017","journal-title":"Physiol. Mol. Biol. Plants"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.2503\/hrj.18.157","article-title":"Varietal differences in the effects of total defoliation on the expression of candidate marker genes of sugar starvation in cucumber fruit","volume":"18","author":"Tazuke","year":"2019","journal-title":"Hort. Res."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tazuke, A., Kinoshita, T., and Asayama, M. (2023). Expression of candidate marker genes of sugar starvation is upregulated in growth-suppressed parthenocarpic cucumber fruit. Novel gene markers for sugar starvation in growth-suppressed cucumber fruit. Front. Plant Sci., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2023.1241267"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.2503\/hrj.17.55","article-title":"Analysis of the decline in respiration rate of cucumber fruits on vines under prolonged darkness, total defoliation, cutting, and heat-girdling of the peduncle","volume":"17","author":"Tazuke","year":"2018","journal-title":"Hort. Res."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jplph.2008.06.005","article-title":"Characterization of CsSEF1 gene encoding putative CCCH-type zinc finger protein expressed during cucumber somatic embryogenesis","volume":"166","author":"Grabowska","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Plant Physiol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3257","DOI":"10.1105\/tpc.105.035261","article-title":"Sugars and circadian regulation make major contributions to the global regulation of diurnal gene expression in Arabidopsis","volume":"17","author":"Gibon","year":"2005","journal-title":"Plant Cell"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2330","DOI":"10.1104\/pp.104.044362","article-title":"Transcriptome profiling of the response of Arabidopsis suspension culture cells to Suc starvation","volume":"135","author":"Contento","year":"2004","journal-title":"Plant Physiol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1289","DOI":"10.1105\/tpc.18.00905","article-title":"A functional allele of CsFUL1 regulates fruit length through repressing CsSUP and inhibiting auxin transport in cucumber","volume":"31","author":"Zhao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Plant Cell"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Grumet, R., Lin, Y.C., Rett-Cadman, S., and Malik, A. (2022). Morphological and genetic diversity of Cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) fruit development. Plants, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/plants12010023"},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"Taiz, L., and Zeiger, E. (2010). Plant Physiology, Sinauer."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1217","DOI":"10.17660\/ActaHortic.2018.1194.173","article-title":"Postharvest deformation of cucumber fruit associated with water movement and cell wall degradation","volume":"1194","author":"Nishizawa","year":"2018","journal-title":"Acta Hortic."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"915","DOI":"10.2503\/jjshs.60.915","article-title":"Fruit growth induced by benzyladenine in Cucumis sativus L.: Influence of benzyladenine on cell division, cell enlargement and indole-3-acetic acid content","volume":"60","author":"Takeno","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Jpn. Soc. Hortic. Sci."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.2503\/hrj.6.65","article-title":"Culture methods to reduce the occurrence of the bottle-gourd-shaped fruits in the greenhouse of fall-cropped cucumber plants","volume":"6","author":"Hirama","year":"2007","journal-title":"Hort. Res."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.2503\/jjshs.59.129","article-title":"Effects of benzyl adenine on translocation and distribution of photoassimilates during fruit setting and development in cucumber plants","volume":"59","author":"Shishido","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Jpn. Soc. Hortic. Sci."},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"1","article-title":"IAA concentration and polar transport in cucumber fruit","volume":"75","author":"Kojima","year":"2023","journal-title":"Bull. Fac. Agric. Niigata Univ."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sapers, G.M., Gorny, J.R., and Yousef, A.E. (2005). . Microbiology of Fruits and Vegetables, CRC Press.","DOI":"10.1201\/9781420038934"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113306","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2023.113306","article-title":"Coupling dynamics of respiration, gas exchange, and Pseudomonas fluorescens growth on fresh-cut cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) in passive modified atmosphere packing","volume":"173","author":"Sun","year":"2023","journal-title":"Food Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-3054.1963.tb08290.x","article-title":"Physiological effects of kinetin. Effect of kinetin on the elongation, water uptake and oxygen uptake of etiolated pea stem sections","volume":"16","author":"Katsumi","year":"1963","journal-title":"Physiol. Plant"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1075","DOI":"10.1126\/science.134.3485.1075.a","article-title":"Senescence inhibition and respiration","volume":"135","author":"Dedolph","year":"1961","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1104\/pp.54.3.294","article-title":"The metabolism of oat leaves during senescence: I. respiration, carbohydrate metabolism, and the action of cytokinins","volume":"54","author":"Tetley","year":"1974","journal-title":"Plant Physiol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5715","DOI":"10.1093\/jxb\/erz354","article-title":"PINOID is required for lateral organ morphogenesis and ovule development in cucumber","volume":"70","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Exp. Bot."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"862","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-313X.2009.04114.x","article-title":"Ethylene perception engages in female cucumber flower development","volume":"61","author":"Wang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Plant J."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1093\/fqsafe\/fyz042","article-title":"Role of ethylene response factors (ERFs) in fruit ripening","volume":"4","author":"Gao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Food Qual. Saf."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.1038\/bmt.2012.244","article-title":"Investigation of the freely available easy-to-use software \u2018EZR\u2019 for medical statistics","volume":"48","author":"Kanda","year":"2013","journal-title":"Bone Marrow Transplant."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/25\/15\/8317\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T15:26:17Z","timestamp":1760109977000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/25\/15\/8317"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,30]]},"references-count":36,"journal-issue":{"issue":"15","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms25158317"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms25158317","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1422-0067"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,30]]}}}