{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]],"date-time":"2026-06-04T12:28:48Z","timestamp":1780576128081,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,1]],"date-time":"2024-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1722470400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005357","name":"Slovak Research and Development Agency","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["APVV-23-0360"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["APVV-23-0360"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005357","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005357","name":"Slovak Research and Development Agency","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["VEGA 1\/0237\/23"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["VEGA 1\/0237\/23"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005357","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005357","name":"Slovak Research and Development Agency","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["VEGA 2\/0032\/23"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["VEGA 2\/0032\/23"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005357","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Scientific Grant Agency of the Ministry of Education Slovak Republic","award":["APVV-23-0360"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["APVV-23-0360"]}]},{"name":"Scientific Grant Agency of the Ministry of Education Slovak Republic","award":["VEGA 1\/0237\/23"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["VEGA 1\/0237\/23"]}]},{"name":"Scientific Grant Agency of the Ministry of Education Slovak Republic","award":["VEGA 2\/0032\/23"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["VEGA 2\/0032\/23"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Diabetic foot ulceration is one of the most common complications in patients treated for diabetes mellitus. The presented pilot study describes the successful treatment of diabetic ulceration of the heel with ongoing osteomyelitis in a 39-year-old patient after using a combination of modified chitosan-based biomaterial in combination with autologous mesenchymal stem cells isolated from bone marrow and dermal fibroblasts. The isolated population of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells fulfilled all of the attributes given by the International Society for Stem Cell Research, such as fibroblast-like morphology, the high expression of positive surface markers (CD29: 99.1 \u00b1 0.4%; CD44: 99.8 \u00b1 0.2% and CD90: 98.0 \u00b1 0.6%) and the ability to undergo multilineage differentiation. Likewise, the population of dermal fibroblasts showed high positivity for the widely accepted markers collagen I, collagen III and vimentin, which was confirmed by immunocytochemical staining. Moreover, we were able to describe newly formed blood vessels shown by angio CT and almost complete closure of the skin defect after 8 months of the treatment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25158388","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,1]],"date-time":"2024-08-01T12:38:20Z","timestamp":1722515900000},"page":"8388","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["The Combination of Chitosan-Based Biomaterial and Cellular Therapy for Successful Treatment of Diabetic Foot\u2014Pilot Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Filip","family":"Humenik","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Morphological Sciences, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy in Ko\u0161ice, 041 81 Ko\u0161ice, Slovakia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5727-7180","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katar\u00edna","family":"Vdoviakov\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Morphological Sciences, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy in Ko\u0161ice, 041 81 Ko\u0161ice, Slovakia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lenka","family":"Kre\u0161\u00e1kov\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Morphological Sciences, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy in Ko\u0161ice, 041 81 Ko\u0161ice, Slovakia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6871-7583","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"J\u00e1n","family":"Danko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Morphological Sciences, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy in Ko\u0161ice, 041 81 Ko\u0161ice, Slovakia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M\u00e1ria","family":"Giretov\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Functional and Hybrid Systems, Institute of Materials Research of SAS, 040 01 Ko\u0161ice, Slovakia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1720-2034","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"\u013dubom\u00edr","family":"Medveck\u00fd","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Functional and Hybrid Systems, Institute of Materials Research of SAS, 040 01 Ko\u0161ice, Slovakia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3899-447X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peter","family":"Lengyel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinic of Burns and Reconstructive Medicine, AGEL Hospital, 040 15 Ko\u0161ice-\u0160aca, Slovakia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J\u00e1n","family":"Bab\u00edk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinic of Burns and Reconstructive Medicine, AGEL Hospital, 040 15 Ko\u0161ice-\u0160aca, Slovakia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1684","DOI":"10.12998\/wjcc.v11.i8.1684","article-title":"Diabetic Foot Ulcer: A Comprehensive Review of Pathophysiology and Management Modalities","volume":"11","author":"Raja","year":"2023","journal-title":"World J. Clin. Cases"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2017.07.029","article-title":"In-Hospital Costs of Diabetic Foot Disease Treated by a Multidisciplinary Foot Team","volume":"132","author":"Rinkel","year":"2017","journal-title":"Diabetes Res. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.5312\/wjo.v6.i1.62","article-title":"Diabetic Foot Syndrome: Immune-Inflammatory Features as Possible Cardiovascular Markers in Diabetes","volume":"6","author":"Tuttolomondo","year":"2015","journal-title":"World J. Orthop."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Volmer-Thole, M., and Lobmann, R. (2016). Neuropathy and Diabetic Foot Syndrome. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms17060917"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4077","DOI":"10.1111\/iwj.14299","article-title":"Association between Diabetic Retinopathy and Diabetic Foot Ulcer in Patients with Diabetes: A Meta-analysis","volume":"20","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. Wound J."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3197","DOI":"10.2147\/DMSO.S430426","article-title":"The Metabolic Characteristics of Patients at the Risk for Diabetic Foot Ulcer: A Comparative Study of Diabetic Patients with and without Diabetic Foot","volume":"16","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"DMSO"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1007\/s40257-019-00495-x","article-title":"Diabetic Foot Ulcers: Appraising Standard of Care and Reviewing New Trends in Management","volume":"21","author":"Aldana","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"58","article-title":"The gold standard in diabetic foot treatment: Total contact cast","volume":"150","year":"2014","journal-title":"Gac. Med. Mex."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13067","DOI":"10.1111\/eci.13067","article-title":"Negative Pressure Wound Therapy Use in Diabetic Foot Syndrome-from Mechanisms of Action to Clinical Practice","volume":"49","author":"Borys","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Voza, F.A., Huerta, C.T., Le, N., Shao, H., Ribieras, A., Ortiz, Y., Atkinson, C., Machuca, T., Liu, Z.-J., and Velazquez, O.C. (2024). Fibroblasts in Diabetic Foot Ulcers. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25042172"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"El Hage, R., Knippschild, U., Arnold, T., and Hinterseher, I. (2022). Stem Cell-Based Therapy: A Promising Treatment for Diabetic Foot Ulcer. Biomedicines, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines10071507"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.1111\/bcp.13470","article-title":"Growth Factors for Diabetic Foot Ulcers: Mixed Treatment Comparison Analysis of Randomized Clinical Trials","volume":"84","author":"Sridharan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schmiedova, I., Dembickaja, A., Kiselakova, L., Nowakova, B., and Slama, P. (2021). Using of Amniotic Membrane Derivatives for the Treatment of Chronic Wounds. Membranes, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/membranes11120941"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.12968\/jowc.2013.22.8.407","article-title":"Wound Healing and the Role of Fibroblasts","volume":"22","author":"Bainbridge","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Wound Care"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guillamat-Prats, R. (2021). The Role of MSC in Wound Healing, Scarring and Regeneration. Cells, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells10071729"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e6901983","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/6901983","article-title":"Mesenchymal Stromal Cells and Cutaneous Wound Healing: A Comprehensive Review of the Background, Role, and Therapeutic Potential","volume":"2018","author":"Hu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Stem Cells Int."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"576","DOI":"10.1093\/stcltm\/szad043","article-title":"Orchestration of Mesenchymal Stem\/Stromal Cells and Inflammation During Wound Healing","volume":"12","author":"Zhu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Stem Cells Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2210","DOI":"10.1111\/iwj.13796","article-title":"In Vitro Study of the Mesenchymal Stem Cells-Conditional Media Role in Skin Wound Healing Process: A Systematic Review","volume":"19","author":"Heydari","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. Wound J."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.5966\/sctm.2011-0018","article-title":"Concise Review: Role of Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Wound Repair","volume":"1","author":"Maxson","year":"2012","journal-title":"Stem Cells Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3861","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-016-2268-0","article-title":"Transition from Inflammation to Proliferation: A Critical Step during Wound Healing","volume":"73","author":"Li","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell Mol. Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Farabi, B., Roster, K., Hirani, R., Tepper, K., Atak, M.F., and Safai, B. (2024). The Efficacy of Stem Cells in Wound Healing: A Systematic Review. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 25.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202402.1023.v1"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tanaka, K., Ogino, R., Yamakawa, S., Suda, S., and Hayashida, K. (2022). Role and Function of Mesenchymal Stem Cells on Fibroblast in Cutaneous Wound Healing. Biomedicines, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines10061391"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fern\u00e1ndez-Guarino, M., Hern\u00e1ndez-Bule, M.L., and Bacci, S. (2023). Cellular and Molecular Processes in Wound Healing. Biomedicines, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines11092526"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sathyaraj, W.V., Prabakaran, L., Bhoopathy, J., Dharmalingam, S., Karthikeyan, R., and Atchudan, R. (2023). Therapeutic Efficacy of Polymeric Biomaterials in Treating Diabetic Wounds\u2014An Upcoming Wound Healing Technology. Polymers, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym15051205"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim, Y., Zharkinbekov, Z., Raziyeva, K., Tabyldiyeva, L., Berikova, K., Zhumagul, D., Temirkhanova, K., and Saparov, A. (2023). Chitosan-Based Biomaterials for Tissue Regeneration. Pharmaceutics, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics15030807"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Olmo, J., Alonso, J., Saez, V., Benito Cid, S., Moreno, I., Larrauri, M., Gonz\u00e1lez, R., Vilas, J., and Perez, L. (2022). Self-Healing, Antibacterial and Anti-Inflammatory Chitosan-PEG Hydrogels for Ulcerated Skin Wound Healing and Drug Delivery. Biomater. Adv., 139.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bioadv.2022.212992"},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"e55193","article-title":"Chitosan-Based Biomaterial in Wound Healing: A Review","volume":"16","author":"Rajkumar","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Apte, A., Liechty, K.W., and Zgheib, C. (2023). Immunomodulatory Biomaterials on Chemokine Signaling in Wound Healing. Front. Pharmacol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2023.1084948"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Humenik, F., Malovesk\u00e1, M., Hud\u00e1kov\u00e1, N., Petrou\u0161kov\u00e1, P., \u0160ufliarska, Z., Hor\u0148\u00e1kov\u00e1, \u013d., Valen\u010d\u00e1kov\u00e1, A., Ko\u017e\u00e1r, M., \u0160i\u0161kov\u00e1, B., and Mudro\u0148ov\u00e1, D. (2023). Impact of Canine Amniotic Mesenchymal Stem Cell Conditioned Media on the Wound Healing Process: In Vitro and In Vivo Study. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24098214"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Humenik, F., Danko, J., Kre\u0161\u00e1kov\u00e1, L., Vdoviakov\u00e1, K., Vrabec, V., Vasilov\u00e1, E., Giretov\u00e1, M., T\u00f3th, \u0160., Fagov\u00e1, Z., and Bab\u00edk, J. (2023). A Chitosan-Based Biomaterial Combined with Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Conditioned Medium for Wound Healing and Skin Regeneration. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms242216080"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"672","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2010.12.040","article-title":"Formation of Distinct Inclusion Bodies by Inhibition of Ubiquitin-Proteasome and Autophagy-Lysosome Pathways","volume":"404","author":"Lee","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.4103\/0973-029X.84516","article-title":"Heterogenecity of Fibroblasts","volume":"15","author":"Ravikanth","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Oral. Maxillofac. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.21037\/sci-2020-013","article-title":"Human Bone Marrow-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells from Different Bone Sources: A Panorama","volume":"7","author":"Vasiliadis","year":"2020","journal-title":"Stem Cell Investig."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12654","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-62544-8","article-title":"Advantages of Pooling of Human Bone Marrow-Derived Mesenchymal Stromal Cells from Different Donors versus Single-Donor MSCs","volume":"14","author":"Kannan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2041731415592356","DOI":"10.1177\/2041731415592356","article-title":"Isolation of Adipose and Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells Using CD29 and CD90 Modifies Their Capacity for Osteogenic and Adipogenic Differentiation","volume":"6","author":"Davies","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Tissue Eng."},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"2357","article-title":"Effect of CD44 on Differentiation of Human Amniotic Mesenchymal Stem Cells into Chondrocytes via Smad and ERK Signaling Pathways","volume":"21","author":"Xu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mol. Med. Rep."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"P\u00e9rez, L.A., Le\u00f3n, J., L\u00f3pez, J., Rojas, D., Reyes, M., Contreras, P., Quest, A.F.G., Escudero, C., and Leyton, L. (2022). The GPI-Anchored Protein Thy-1\/CD90 Promotes Wound Healing upon Injury to the Skin by Enhancing Skin Perfusion. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms232012539"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xu, X., Zhao, L., Terry, P.D., and Chen, J. (2023). Reciprocal Effect of Environmental Stimuli to Regulate the Adipogenesis and Osteogenesis Fate Decision in Bone Marrow-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells (BM-MSCs). Cells, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells12101400"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1186\/s13287-015-0066-5","article-title":"Comparative Analysis of Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells from Bone Marrow and Adipose Tissue under Xeno-Free Conditions for Cell Therapy","volume":"6","author":"Li","year":"2015","journal-title":"Stem Cell Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1128","DOI":"10.1038\/cdd.2015.168","article-title":"Fate Decision of Mesenchymal Stem Cells: Adipocytes or Osteoblasts?","volume":"23","author":"Chen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell Death Differ."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tencerova, M., and Kassem, M. (2016). The Bone Marrow-Derived Stromal Cells: Commitment and Regulation of Adipogenesis. Front. Endocrinol., 7.","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2016.00127"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"799","DOI":"10.4236\/jbise.2014.710079","article-title":"Is Adipocyte Differentiation the Default Lineage for Mesenchymal Stem\/Progenitor Cells after Loss of Mechanical Loading? A Perspective from Space Flight and Model Systems","volume":"7","author":"Hart","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sanchez-Castro, E., Pajuelo-Reyes, C., Tejedo Cahuana, R., Soria-Juan, B., Tapia-Limonchi, R., Andreu, E., Hitos, A., Mart\u00edn, F., Cahuana, G., and Guerra-Duarte, C. (2021). Mesenchymal Stromal Cell-Based Therapies as Promising Treatments for Muscle Regeneration After Snakebite Envenoming. Front. Immunol., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.609961"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8825332","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/8825332","article-title":"Functional Properties of Human-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cell Spheroids: A Meta-Analysis and Systematic Review","volume":"2021","author":"Ezquerra","year":"2021","journal-title":"Stem Cells Int."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1634\/stemcells.21-1-105","article-title":"Searching for Alternative Sources of Postnatal Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells: Candidate MSC-Like Cells from Umbilical Cord","volume":"21","author":"Romanov","year":"2003","journal-title":"Stem Cells"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1856","DOI":"10.1002\/stem.503","article-title":"Human Gingiva-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells Elicit Polarization of M2 Macrophages and Enhance Cutaneous Wound Healing","volume":"28","author":"Zhang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Stem Cells"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17534666231158276","DOI":"10.1177\/17534666231158276","article-title":"Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Mesenchymal Stromal\/Stem Cells as Strategical Means for the Treatment of COVID-19","volume":"17","author":"Taufiq","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ther. Adv. Respir. Dis."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1055","DOI":"10.2217\/imt-2021-0245","article-title":"Mesenchymal Stem Cell Treatment for Hyperactive Immune Response in Patients with COVID-19","volume":"14","author":"Manoharan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Immunotherapy"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"09636897211024942","DOI":"10.1177\/09636897211024942","article-title":"The Systematic Effect of Mesenchymal Stem Cell Therapy in Critical COVID-19 Patients: A Prospective Double Controlled Trial","volume":"30","author":"Adas","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Transpl."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sliogeryte, K., and Gavara, N. (2019). Vimentin Plays a Crucial Role in Fibroblast Ageing by Regulating Biophysical Properties and Cell Migration. Cells, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells8101164"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nissen, N.I., Johansen, A.Z., Chen, I., Johansen, J.S., Pedersen, R.S., Hansen, C.P., Karsdal, M.A., and Willumsen, N. (2022). Collagen Biomarkers Quantify Fibroblast Activity In Vitro and Predict Survival in Patients with Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma. Cancers, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers14030819"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1111\/imr.12972","article-title":"Fibroblasts as Confederates of the Immune System","volume":"302","author":"Jiang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Immunol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1556\/1886.2017.00009","article-title":"Fibroblasts: The Unknown Sentinels Eliciting Immune Responses Against Microorganisms","volume":"7","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. J. Microbiol. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sadik, A.O.E., Ghamrawy, T.A.E., and El-Galil, T.I.A. (2015). The Effect of Mesenchymal Stem Cells and Chitosan Gel on Full Thickness Skin Wound Healing in Albino Rats: Histological, Immunohistochemical and Fluorescent Study. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0137544"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1007\/s10856-023-06746-y","article-title":"Enhanced Therapeutic Effects of Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicles within Chitosan Hydrogel in the Treatment of Diabetic Foot Ulcers","volume":"34","author":"Yang","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Med."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, M.-X., Zhao, W.-Y., Fang, Q.-Q., Wang, X.-F., Chen, C.-Y., Shi, B.-H., Zheng, B., Wang, S.-J., Tan, W.-Q., and Wu, L.-H. (2021). Effects of Chitosan-Collagen Dressing on Wound Healing in Vitro and in Vivo Assays. J. Appl. Biomater. Funct. Mater., 19.","DOI":"10.1177\/2280800021989698"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1097\/00005373-200301000-00023","article-title":"Effect of a Chitosan-Based Hemostatic Dressing on Blood Loss and Survival in a Model of Severe Venous Hemorrhage and Hepatic Injury in Swine","volume":"54","author":"Pusateri","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Trauma."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Matica, M.A., Aachmann, F.L., T\u00f8ndervik, A., Sletta, H., and Ostafe, V. (2019). Chitosan as a Wound Dressing Starting Material: Antimicrobial Properties and Mode of Action. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20235889"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"614","DOI":"10.1590\/abd1806-4841.20164741","article-title":"Wound Healing\u2014A Literature Review","volume":"91","author":"Gonzalez","year":"2016","journal-title":"An. Bras. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7533","DOI":"10.1039\/C7RA13510F","article-title":"A Functional Chitosan-Based Hydrogel as a Wound Dressing and Drug Delivery System in the Treatment of Wound Healing","volume":"8","author":"Liu","year":"2018","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sjbs.2017.03.017","article-title":"Chitosan Treatment for Skin Ulcers Associated with Diabetes","volume":"25","year":"2018","journal-title":"Saudi J. Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_62","first-page":"38","article-title":"Ap\u00f3sitos de quitosano para el tratamiento de pie diab\u00e9tico (Chitosan films for the diabetic foot treatment)","volume":"1","author":"Velazco","year":"2012","journal-title":"Av. Biomed."},{"key":"ref_63","first-page":"e17258","article-title":"Stem Cell Therapy and Its Significance in Pain Management","volume":"13","author":"Padda","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.4252\/wjsc.v15.i4.196","article-title":"Mechanisms of Analgesic Effect of Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Osteoarthritis Pain","volume":"15","author":"Almahasneh","year":"2023","journal-title":"World J. Stem Cells"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/25\/15\/8388\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T15:27:51Z","timestamp":1760110071000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/25\/15\/8388"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,1]]},"references-count":64,"journal-issue":{"issue":"15","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms25158388"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms25158388","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,1]]}}}