{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,27]],"date-time":"2026-07-27T14:10:49Z","timestamp":1785161449570,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":429,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,1]],"date-time":"2024-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1722470400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In this work, we explored the intrinsic disorder status of the three members of the synuclein family of proteins\u2014\u03b1-, \u03b2-, and \u03b3-synucleins\u2014and showed that although all three human synucleins are highly disordered, the highest levels of disorder are observed in \u03b3-synuclein. Our analysis of the peculiarities of the amino acid sequences and modeled 3D structures of the human synuclein family members revealed that the pathological mutations A30P, E46K, H50Q, A53T, and A53E associated with the early onset of Parkinson\u2019s disease caused some increase in the local disorder propensity of human \u03b1-synuclein. A comparative sequence-based analysis of the synuclein proteins from various evolutionary distant species and evaluation of their levels of intrinsic disorder using a set of commonly used bioinformatics tools revealed that, irrespective of their origin, all members of the synuclein family analyzed in this study were predicted to be highly disordered proteins, indicating that their intrinsically disordered nature represents an evolutionary conserved and therefore functionally important feature. A detailed functional disorder analysis of the proteins in the interactomes of the human synuclein family members utilizing a set of commonly used disorder analysis tools showed that the human \u03b1-synuclein interactome has relatively higher levels of intrinsic disorder as compared with the interactomes of human \u03b2- and \u03b3- synucleins and revealed that, relative to the \u03b2- and \u03b3-synuclein interactomes, \u03b1-synuclein interactors are involved in a much broader spectrum of highly diversified functional pathways. Although proteins interacting with three human synucleins were characterized by highly diversified functionalities, this analysis also revealed that the interactors of three human synucleins were involved in three common functional pathways, such as the synaptic vesicle cycle, serotonergic synapse, and retrograde endocannabinoid signaling. Taken together, these observations highlight the critical importance of the intrinsic disorder of human synucleins and their interactors in various neuronal processes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25158399","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,1]],"date-time":"2024-08-01T12:38:20Z","timestamp":1722515900000},"page":"8399","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Exploring Intrinsic Disorder in Human Synucleins and Associated Proteins"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Sriya Reddy","family":"Venati","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4037-5857","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vladimir N.","family":"Uversky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA"},{"name":"USF Health Byrd Alzheimer\u2019s Research Institute, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.10536.1","article-title":"Looking at the recent advances in understanding alpha-synuclein and its aggregation through the proteoform prism","volume":"6","author":"Uversky","year":"2017","journal-title":"F1000Research"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"a009399","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a009399","article-title":"\u03b1-Synuclein in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"2","author":"Stefanis","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harb. 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