{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T18:41:11Z","timestamp":1788374471751,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,2]],"date-time":"2024-08-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1722556800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Key Research Program","award":["2021YFD1600200"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021YFD1600200"]}]},{"name":"National Key Research Program","award":["25-LZIHPS-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["25-LZIHPS-01"]}]},{"name":"National Key Research Program","award":["CARS-37"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CARS-37"]}]},{"name":"National Key Research Program","award":["1610322023006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1610322023006"]}]},{"name":"Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Program","award":["2021YFD1600200"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021YFD1600200"]}]},{"name":"Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Program","award":["25-LZIHPS-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["25-LZIHPS-01"]}]},{"name":"Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Program","award":["CARS-37"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CARS-37"]}]},{"name":"Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Program","award":["1610322023006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1610322023006"]}]},{"name":"National Beef Cattle Industry Technology and System","award":["2021YFD1600200"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021YFD1600200"]}]},{"name":"National Beef Cattle Industry Technology and System","award":["25-LZIHPS-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["25-LZIHPS-01"]}]},{"name":"National Beef Cattle Industry Technology and System","award":["CARS-37"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CARS-37"]}]},{"name":"National Beef Cattle Industry Technology and System","award":["1610322023006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1610322023006"]}]},{"name":"Central Public interest Scientific Institution Basal Research Fund","award":["2021YFD1600200"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021YFD1600200"]}]},{"name":"Central Public interest Scientific Institution Basal Research Fund","award":["25-LZIHPS-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["25-LZIHPS-01"]}]},{"name":"Central Public interest Scientific Institution Basal Research Fund","award":["CARS-37"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CARS-37"]}]},{"name":"Central Public interest Scientific Institution Basal Research Fund","award":["1610322023006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1610322023006"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Male reproductive health is largely determined already in the early development of the testis. Although much work has been carried out to study the mechanisms of testicular development and spermatogenesis, there was previously no information on the differences in the protein composition of yak testicles during early development. In this study, the protein profiles in the testicles of 6- (M6), 18- (M18), and 30-month-old (M30) yaks were comparatively analyzed using TMT proteomics. A total of 5521 proteins were identified, with 13, 1295, and 1397 differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) in 30- vs. 18-, 18- vs. 6-, and 30- vs. 6-month-old testes, respectively. Gene Ontology (GO) annotation and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analysis showed that DEPs were mainly involved in signaling pathways related to testicular development and spermatogenesis, including the MAPK, PI3K\u2013Akt, Wnt, mTOR, TGF-\u03b2, and AMPK signaling pathways. Furthermore, we also identified eight potential proteins (TEX101, PDCL2, SYCP2, SYCP3, COL1A1, COL1A2, ADAM10, and ATF1) that may be related to the testicular development and spermatogenesis of yaks. This study may provide new insights into the molecular mechanisms of the testicular development and spermatogenesis of yaks.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25158433","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,2]],"date-time":"2024-08-02T09:34:17Z","timestamp":1722591257000},"page":"8433","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Quantitative Proteomic Analysis Reveals Key Proteins Involved in Testicular Development of Yaks"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5659-4341","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yongfu","family":"La","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding on Tibetan Plateau, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Lanzhou 730050, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Yak Breeding Engineering, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730050, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaoming","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding on Tibetan Plateau, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Lanzhou 730050, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Yak Breeding Engineering, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730050, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7671-1050","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pengjia","family":"Bao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding on Tibetan Plateau, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Lanzhou 730050, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Yak Breeding Engineering, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730050, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Min","family":"Chu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding on Tibetan Plateau, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Lanzhou 730050, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Yak Breeding Engineering, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730050, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ping","family":"Yan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding on Tibetan Plateau, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Lanzhou 730050, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Yak Breeding Engineering, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730050, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2390-4777","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xian","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding on Tibetan Plateau, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Lanzhou 730050, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Yak Breeding Engineering, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730050, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chunnian","family":"Liang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding on Tibetan Plateau, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Lanzhou 730050, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Yak Breeding Engineering, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730050, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1097","DOI":"10.1017\/S1751731115000397","article-title":"SNPs detected in the yak gene and their association with growth traits","volume":"9","author":"Cai","year":"2015","journal-title":"Animal"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1111\/asj.13157","article-title":"Proteomic analysis of Tianzhu White Yak (Bos grunniens) testis at different sexual developmental stages","volume":"90","author":"Ruan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Anim. 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