{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,7]],"date-time":"2026-05-07T17:43:10Z","timestamp":1778175790810,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,2]],"date-time":"2024-08-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1722556800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003141","name":"Endodontic Postgraduate Program","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["896437"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["896437"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003141","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003141","name":"Endodontic Postgraduate Program","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["896437"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["896437"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003141","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003141","name":"Consejo Nacional de Humanidades, Ciencia, y Tecnolog\u00eda","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["896437"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["896437"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003141","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003141","name":"Consejo Nacional de Humanidades, Ciencia, y Tecnolog\u00eda","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["896437"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["896437"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003141","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Periapical lesions are common pathologies affecting the alveolar bone, often initiated by intraradicular lesions resulting from microbial exposure to dental pulp. These microorganisms trigger inflammatory and immune responses. When endodontic treatment fails to eliminate the infection, periapical lesions persist, leading to bone loss. The RANK\/RANKL\/OPG pathway plays a crucial role in both the formation and the destruction of the bone. In this study, the objective was to inhibit the RANK\/RANKL pathway in vitro within exposed Thp-1 macrophages to endodontic microorganisms, specifically Enterococcus faecalis, which was isolated from root canals of 20 patients with endodontic secondary\/persistent infection, symptomatic and asymptomatic, and utilizing an \u03b1-IRAK-4 inhibitor, we introduced endodontic microorganisms and\/or lipoteichoic acid from Streptococcus spp. to cellular cultures in a culture plate, containing thp-1 cells and\/or PBMC from patients with apical periodontitis. Subsequently, we assessed the percentages of RANK+, RANKL+, and OPG+ cells through flow cytometry and measured the levels of several inflammatory cytokines (IL-1\u03b2, TNF-\u03b1, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, and IL-12p70) in the cellular culture supernatant through a CBA kit and performed analysis by flow cytometry. A significant difference was observed in the percentages of RANK+RANKL+, OPG+ RANKL+ cells in thp-1 cells and PBMCs from patients with apical periodontitis. The findings revealed significant differences in the percentages of the evaluated cells, highlighting the novel role of the IRAK-4 inhibitor in addressing this oral pathology, apical periodontitis, where bone destruction is observed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25158434","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,2]],"date-time":"2024-08-02T09:34:17Z","timestamp":1722591257000},"page":"8434","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["\u03b1-IRAK-4 Suppresses the Activation of RANK\/RANKL Pathway on Macrophages Exposed to Endodontic Microorganisms"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Elsa Montserrat","family":"Hern\u00e1ndez-Sandoval","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Endodontics Postgraduate Program, Faculty of Dentistry, Autonomous University of San Luis Potosi, Manuel Nava 2, San Luis Potosi 78290, SLP, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Raquel","family":"S\u00e1nchez-Guti\u00e9rrez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Autonomous University of San Luis Potosi, San Luis Potosi 78210, SLP, Mexico"},{"name":"Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences, El Paso, TX 79905, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ana Patricia","family":"Torres-Monjar\u00e1s","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Endodontics Postgraduate Program, Faculty of Dentistry, Autonomous University of San Luis Potosi, Manuel Nava 2, San Luis Potosi 78290, SLP, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5986-0011","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Diana Lorena","family":"Alvarado-Hern\u00e1ndez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Autonomous University of San Luis Potosi, San Luis Potosi 78210, SLP, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ver\u00f3nica","family":"M\u00e9ndez-Gonz\u00e1lez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Endodontics Postgraduate Program, Faculty of Dentistry, Autonomous University of San Luis Potosi, Manuel Nava 2, San Luis Potosi 78290, SLP, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Berenice","family":"Hern\u00e1ndez-Castro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Autonomous University of San Luis Potosi, San Luis Potosi 78210, SLP, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sof\u00eda","family":"Bernal-Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Autonomous University of San Luis Potosi, San Luis Potosi 78210, SLP, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2368-1529","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andreu","family":"Comas-Garc\u00eda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Autonomous University of San Luis Potosi, San Luis Potosi 78210, SLP, Mexico"},{"name":"School of Medicine, Cuauhtemoc University, Manuel Nava 3291, San Luis Potosi 78290, SLP, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ricardo","family":"Mart\u00ednez-Rider","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Specialty, Faculty of Dentistry, Autonomous University of San Luis Potosi, Manuel Nava 2, San Luis Potosi 78290, SLP, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Roberto","family":"Gonz\u00e1lez-Amaro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Autonomous University of San Luis Potosi, San Luis Potosi 78210, SLP, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marlen","family":"Vitales-Noyola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Endodontics Postgraduate Program, Faculty of Dentistry, Autonomous University of San Luis Potosi, Manuel Nava 2, San Luis Potosi 78290, SLP, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S105","DOI":"10.4103\/jpbs.jpbs_134_23","article-title":"Systematic Review on Copper Calcium Hydroxide Nanoparticles in the Treatment of Apical Periodontitis","volume":"15","author":"Lina","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. 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