{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T16:11:04Z","timestamp":1787069464893,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":136,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,5]],"date-time":"2024-08-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1722816000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Italian Ministry of Health"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Avian influenza virus has been long considered the main threat for a future pandemic. Among the possible avian influenza virus subtypes, A(H5N1) clade 2.3.4.4b is becoming enzootic in mammals, representing an alarming step towards a pandemic. In particular, genotype B3.13 has recently caused an outbreak in US dairy cattle. Since pandemic preparedness is largely based on the availability of prepandemic candidate vaccine viruses, in this review we will summarize the current status of the enzootics, and challenges for H5 vaccine manufacturing and delivery.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25158550","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,5]],"date-time":"2024-08-05T18:21:40Z","timestamp":1722882100000},"page":"8550","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Avian Influenza Virus A(H5Nx) and Prepandemic Candidate Vaccines: State of the Art"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8811-195X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniele","family":"Focosi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"North-Western Tuscany Blood Bank, Pisa University Hospital, 56100 Pisa, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7489-5271","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fabrizio","family":"Maggi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Virology, National Institute for Infectious Diseases \u201cLazzaro Spallanzani\u201d-IRCCS, 00149 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01314321","article-title":"Replication of avian influenza viruses in humans","volume":"119","author":"Beare","year":"1991","journal-title":"Arch. Virol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3082","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-38415-7","article-title":"Rapid evolution of A(H5N1) influenza viruses after intercontinental spread to North America","volume":"14","author":"Kandeil","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Evolution Working Group (2008). Toward a unified nomenclature system for highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (H5N1). Emerg. Infect. Dis., 14, e1.","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1407.071681"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lisovski, S., G\u00fcnther, A., Dewar, M., Ainley, D., Aldunate, F., Arce, R., Ballard, G., Bauer, S., Belliure, J., and Banyard, A.C. (2024). Unexpected delayed incursion of highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 (clade 2.3.4.4b) in the Antarctic region. bioRxiv.","DOI":"10.1101\/2023.10.24.563692"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1223","DOI":"10.3201\/eid3006.240194","article-title":"Concurrent Infection with Clade 2.3.4.4b Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza H5N6 and H5N1 Viruses, South Korea, 2023","volume":"30","author":"Heo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rosone, F., Bonfante, F., Sala, M.G., Maniero, S., Cersini, A., Ricci, I., Garofalo, L., Caciolo, D., Denisi, A., and Napolitan, A. (2023). Seroconversion of a Swine Herd in a Free-Range Rural Multi-Species Farm against HPAI H5N1 2.3.4.4b Clade Virus. Microorganisms, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms11051162"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2960","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2711.211281","article-title":"Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza A(H5N1) Virus in Wild Red Foxes, the Netherlands, 2021","volume":"27","author":"Rijks","year":"2021","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2186608","DOI":"10.1080\/22221751.2023.2186608","article-title":"Characterization of neurotropic HPAI H5N1 viruses with novel genome constellations and mammalian adaptive mutations in free-living mesocarnivores in Canada","volume":"12","author":"Alkie","year":"2023","journal-title":"Emerg. Microbes Infect."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1133","DOI":"10.3201\/eid3006.231033","article-title":"Outbreak of highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5N1) virus in seals, St. Lawrence Estuary, Quebec, Canada","volume":"30","author":"Lair","year":"2024","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"786","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2904.221538","article-title":"Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza A(H5N1) Virus Outbreak in New England Seals, United States","volume":"29","author":"Puryear","year":"2023","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Murawski, A., Fabrizio, T., Ossiboff, R., Kackos, C., Jeevan, T., Jones, J.C., Kandeil, A., Walker, D., Turner, J.C.M., and Patton, C. (2024). Highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5N1) virus in a common bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) in Florida. Commun. Biol., 7.","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-024-06173-x"},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"2300001","article-title":"Highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5N1) virus infection in farmed minks, Spain, October 2022","volume":"28","author":"Monne","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eurosurveillance"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pardo-Roa, C., Nelson, M.I., Ariyama, N., Aguayo, C., Almonacid, L.I., Munoz, G., Navarro, C., Avila, C., Ulloa, M., and Reyes, R. (2023). Cross-species transmission and PB2 mammalian adaptations of highly pathogenic avian influenza A\/H5N1 viruses in Chile. bioRxiv.","DOI":"10.1101\/2023.06.30.547205"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Uhart, M., Vanstreels, R.E.T., Nelson, M.I., Olivera, V., Campagna, J., Zavattieri, V., Lemey, P., Campagna, C., Falabella, V., and Rimondi, A. (2024). Massive outbreak of Influenza A H5N1 in elephant seals at Pen\u00ednsula Vald\u00e9s, Argentina: Increased evidence for mammal-to-mammal transmission. bioRxiv.","DOI":"10.1101\/2024.05.31.596774"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gamarra-Toledo, V., Plaza, P.I., Guti\u00e9rrez, R., Inga-Diaz, G., Saravia-Guevara, P., Pereyra-Meza, O., Coronado-Flores, E., Calder\u00f3n-Cerr\u00f3n, A., Quiroz-Jim\u00e9nez, G., and Martinez, P. (2023). Mass Mortality of Marine Mammals Associated to Highly Pathogenic Influenza Virus (H5N1) in South America. bioRxiv.","DOI":"10.1101\/2023.02.08.527769"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5489","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-41182-0","article-title":"Highly pathogenic avian influenza A (H5N1) in marine mammals and seabirds in Peru","volume":"14","author":"Leguia","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Comm."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2300390","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES.2023.28.31.2300390","article-title":"Emergence and potential transmission route of avian influenza A (H5N1) virus in domestic cats in Poland, June 2023","volume":"28","author":"Rabalski","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eurosurveillance"},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"2300366","article-title":"Outbreak of highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5N1) clade 2.3.4.4b virus in cats, Poland, June to July 2023","volume":"28","author":"Monne","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eurosurveillance"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2300400","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES.2023.28.31.2300400","article-title":"Highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5N1) virus infection on multiple fur farms in the South and Central Ostrobothnia regions of Finland, July 2023","volume":"28","author":"Lindh","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eurosurveillance"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2290835","DOI":"10.1080\/22221751.2023.2290835","article-title":"Characterization of highly pathogenic avian influenza A (H5N1) viruses isolated from cats in South Korea, 2023","volume":"13","author":"Lee","year":"2024","journal-title":"Emerg. Microbes Infect."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1271","DOI":"10.3201\/eid3006.231459","article-title":"Antibodies to Influenza A(H5N1) Virus in Hunting Dogs Retrieving Wild Fowl, Washington, USA","volume":"30","author":"Brown","year":"2024","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Falchieri, M., Reid, S.M., Dastderji, A., Cracknell, J., Warren, C.J., Mollett, B.C., Peers-Dent, J., Schlachter, A.-L.D., Mcginn, N., and Hepple, R. (2024). Rapid mortality in captive bush dogs (Speothos venaticus) caused by influenza A of avian origin (H5N1) at a wildlife collection in the United Kingdom. bioRxiv.","DOI":"10.1101\/2024.04.18.590032"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1913","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2809.220879","article-title":"Pathogenesis and Transmissibility of North American Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza A(H5N1) Virus in Ferrets","volume":"28","author":"Belser","year":"2022","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2332667","DOI":"10.1080\/22221751.2024.2332667","article-title":"Highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5N1) virus of clade 2.3.4.4b isolated from a human case in Chile causes fatal disease and transmits between co-housed ferrets","volume":"13","author":"Brock","year":"2024","journal-title":"Emerg. Microbes Infect."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4112","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-48475-y","article-title":"Risk assessment of a highly pathogenic H5N1 influenza virus from mink","volume":"15","author":"Restori","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1003","DOI":"10.1016\/j.idc.2019.08.006","article-title":"Chikungunya: Epidemiology, Pathogenesis, Clinical Features, Management, and Prevention","volume":"33","author":"Vairo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Infect. Dis. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"Klein, B., Kraemer, M., and Scarpino, S. (2024, April 29). Timeline for H5N1 in the USA during the 2024 Outbreak. Available online: https:\/\/github.com\/Emergent-Epidemics\/H5N1_US2024_timeline."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nguyen, T.-Q., Hutter, C., Markin, A., Thomas, M.N., Lantz, K., Killian, M.L., Janzen, G.M., Vijendran, S., Wagle, S., and Inderski, B. (2024). Emergence and interstate spread of highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5N1) in dairy cattle. bioRxiv.","DOI":"10.1101\/2024.05.01.591751"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stone, H., Jindal, M., Lim, S., Dawson, R., Quigley, A., Scotch, M., and MacIntyre, C.R. (2024). Potential Pathways of Spread of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza A\/H5N1 Clade 2.3.4.4b Across Dairy Farms in the United States. medRxiv.","DOI":"10.1101\/2024.05.02.24306785"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Caserta, L.C., Frye, E.A., Butt, S.L., Laverack, M., Nooruzzaman, M., Covaleda, L.M., Thompson, A.C., Koscielny, M.P., Cronk, B., and Johnson, A. (2024). Spillover of highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 virus to dairy cattle. Nature, Epub ahead of print.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-024-07849-4"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1132","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1407.071468","article-title":"Experimental infection of cattle with highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (H5N1)","volume":"14","author":"Kalthoff","year":"2008","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_32","unstructured":"Gangavarapu, K., Pekar, J., D\u00e9barre, F., Andersen, K., Dudas, G., Goldhill, D., Hughes, J., Ji, X., Joy, J., and Kraemer, M. (2024, April 29). Note about Availability of H5N1 2.3.4.4b Consensus Sequences from Cattle and Other Species. Available online: https:\/\/virological.org\/t\/note-about-availability-of-h5n1-2-3-4-4b-consensus-sequences-from-cattle-and-other-species\/967."},{"key":"ref_33","unstructured":"Moncla, L. (2024, April 29). Real-Time Tracking of Influenza A\/H5N1 Virus Evolution. Available online: https:\/\/nextstrain.org\/avian-flu\/h5n1\/ha\/2y?dmax=2023-06-19&dmin=2020-08-04."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1335","DOI":"10.1080\/22221751.2024.2380421","article-title":"Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza A (H5N1) clade 2.3.4.4b Virus detected in dairy cattle","volume":"13","author":"Hu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Emerg. Microbes Infect."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1038\/nature05264","article-title":"Haemagglutinin mutations responsible for the binding of H5N1 influenza A viruses to human-type receptors","volume":"444","author":"Yamada","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gao, Y., Zhang, Y., Shinya, K., Deng, G., Jiang, Y., Li, Z., Guan, Y., Tian, G., Li, Y., and Shi, J. (2009). Identification of amino acids in HA and PB2 critical for the transmission of H5N1 avian influenza viruses in a mammalian host. PLoS Pathog., 5.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1000709"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1614","DOI":"10.2353\/ajpath.2010.090949","article-title":"Seasonal and Pandemic Human Influenza Viruses Attach Better to Human Upper Respiratory Tract Epithelium than Avian Influenza Viruses","volume":"176","author":"Leijten","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am. J. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2008.11.044","article-title":"Two amino acid residues in the matrix protein M1 contribute to the virulence difference of H5N1 avian influenza viruses in mice","volume":"384","author":"Fan","year":"2009","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"739","DOI":"10.1007\/s11262-019-01700-z","article-title":"Inventory of molecular markers affecting biological characteristics of avian influenza A viruses","volume":"55","author":"Suttie","year":"2019","journal-title":"Virus Genes"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nao, N., Kajihara, M., Manzoor, R., Maruyama, J., Yoshida, R., Muramatsu, M., Miyamoto, H., Igarashi, M., Eguchi, N., and Sato, M. (2015). A Single Amino Acid in the M1 Protein Responsible for the Different Pathogenic Potentials of H5N1 Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus Strains. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0137989"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bordes, L., Vreman, S., Heutink, R., Roose, M., Venema, S., Pritz-Verschuren, S.B.E., Rijks, J.M., Gonzales, J.L., Germeraad, E.A., and Engelsma, M. (2023). Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza H5N1 Virus Infections in Wild Red Foxes (Vulpes vulpes) Show Neurotropism and Adaptive Virus Mutations. Microbiol. Spectr., 11.","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.02867-22"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1374","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.0030133","article-title":"Growth of H5N1 influenza A viruses in the upper respiratory tracts of mice","volume":"3","author":"Hatta","year":"2007","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yamada, S., Hatta, M., Staker, B.L., Watanabe, S., Imai, M., Shinya, K., Sakai-Tagawa, Y., Ito, M., Ozawa, M., and Watanabe, T. (2010). Biological and structural characterization of a host-adapting amino acid in influenza virus. PLoS Pathog., 6.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1001034"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lina, L., Saijuan, C., Chengyu, W., Yuefeng, L., Shishan, D., Ligong, C., Kangkang, G., Zhendong, G., Jiakai, L., and Jianhui, Z. (2019). Adaptive amino acid substitutions enable transmission of an H9N2 avian influenza virus in guinea pigs. Sci. Rep., 9.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-56122-6"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3947","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.03328-14","article-title":"Identification of PB2 Mutations Responsible for the Efficient Replication of H5N1 Influenza Viruses in Human Lung Epithelial Cells","volume":"89","author":"Yamaji","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Singh, G., Trujillo, J., and McDowell, C. (2024). Detection and characterization of H5N1 HPAIV in environmental samples from a dairy farm. Virus Genes.","DOI":"10.1007\/s11262-024-02085-4"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1335","DOI":"10.3201\/eid3007.240508","article-title":"Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza A(H5N1) Clade 2.3.4.4b Virus Infection in Domestic Dairy Cattle and Cats, United States, 2024","volume":"30","author":"Burrough","year":"2024","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1556\/avet.2013.030","article-title":"Tissue distribution of human and avian type sialic acid influenza virus receptors in domestic cat","volume":"61","author":"Wang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Acta Vet. Hung."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.2353\/ajpath.2006.050466","article-title":"Influenza A virus (H5N1) infection in cats causes systemic disease with potential novel routes of virus spread within and between hosts","volume":"168","author":"Rimmelzwaan","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am. J. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kuchipudi, S.V., Nelli, R.K., Gontu, A., Satyakumar, R., Surendran Nair, M., and Subbiah, M. (2021). Sialic Acid Receptors: The Key to Solving the Enigma of Zoonotic Virus Spillover. Viruses, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/v13020262"},{"key":"ref_51","first-page":"97","article-title":"Preliminary Experiments Relating to the Propagation of Viruses in the Bovine Mammary Gland","volume":"17","author":"Mitchell","year":"1953","journal-title":"Can. J. Comp. Med. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Paquette, S.G., Banner, D., Huang, S.S., Almansa, R., Leon, A., Xu, L., Bartoszko, J., Kelvin, D.J., and Kelvin, A.A. (2015). Influenza Transmission in the Mother-Infant Dyad Leads to Severe Disease, Mammary Gland Infection, and Pathogenesis by Regulating Host Responses. PLoS Pathog., 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1005173"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Le Sage, V., Campbell, A.J., Reed, D., Duprex, W.P., and Lakdawala, S. (2024). Influenza H5N1 and H1N1 viruses remain infectious in unpasteurized milk on milking machinery surfaces. medRxiv.","DOI":"10.1101\/2024.05.22.24307745"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc2405495","article-title":"Cow\u2019s Milk Containing Avian Influenza A(H5N1) Virus\u2014Heat Inactivation and Infectivity in Mice","volume":"391","author":"Guan","year":"2024","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_55","unstructured":"Cohen, J. (2024). Bird Flu May be Spreading in Cows via Milking and Herd Transport. Science Insider News."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ssematimba, A., Hagenaars, T.J., and de Jong, M.C. (2012). Modelling the wind-borne spread of highly pathogenic avian influenza virus between farms. PLoS ONE, 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0031114"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2915.2010.00928.x","article-title":"The potential of house flies to act as a vector of avian influenza subtype H5N1 under experimental conditions","volume":"25","author":"Wanaratana","year":"2011","journal-title":"Med. Vet. Entomol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kupferschmidt, K. (2024). To combat cow flu outbreak, scientists plan to infect cattle with influenza in high-security labs. Sci. Insid. News.","DOI":"10.1126\/science.adq3093"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Baker, A.L., Arruda, B., Palmer, M.V., Boggiatto, P., Sarlo Davila, K., Buckley, A., Ciacci Zanella, G., Snyder, C.A., Anderson, T.K., and Hutter, C. (2024). Experimental reproduction of viral replication and disease in dairy calves and lactating cows inoculated with highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 clade 2.3.4.4b. bioRxiv.","DOI":"10.1101\/2024.07.12.603337"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kristensen, C., Jensen, H.E., Trebbien, R., Webby, R.J., and Larsen, L.E. (2024). The avian and human influenza A virus receptors sialic acid (SA)-\u03b12,3 and SA-\u03b12,6 are widely expressed in the bovine mammary gland. bioRxiv.","DOI":"10.1101\/2024.05.03.592326"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2912","DOI":"10.1021\/pr300008u","article-title":"Comparison of the human and bovine milk N-glycome via high-performance microfluidic chip liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry","volume":"11","author":"Nwosu","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Proteome Res."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3769","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1742-4658.2011.08299.x","article-title":"Alteration of the N-glycome of bovine milk glycoproteins during early lactation","volume":"278","author":"Takimori","year":"2011","journal-title":"FEBS J."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2991","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2008-1642","article-title":"Variations in bovine milk oligosaccharides during early and middle lactation stages analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography-chip\/mass spectrometry","volume":"92","author":"Tao","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rios Carrasco, M., Grone, A., van den Brand, J.M.A., and de Vries, R.P. (2024). The mammary glands of cows abundantly display receptors for circulating avian H5 viruses. bioRxiv.","DOI":"10.1101\/2024.05.24.595667"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Eisfeld, A.J., Biswas, A., Guan, L., Gu, C., Maemura, T., Trifkovic, S., Wang, T., Babujee, L., Dahn, R., and Halfmann, P.J. (2024). Pathogenicity and transmissibility of bovine H5N1 influenza virus. Nature, Epub ahead of print.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-024-07766-6"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1139\/apnm-2020-0388","article-title":"The impact of thermal pasteurization on viral load and detectable live viruses in human milk and other matrices: A rapid review","volume":"46","author":"Pitino","year":"2021","journal-title":"Appl. Physiol. Nutr. Metab."},{"key":"ref_67","unstructured":"Jay, J.M., Loessner, M.J., and Golden, D.A. (2005). Food Protection with High Temperatures, and Characteristics of Thermophilic Microorganisms. Modern Food Microbiology, Springer."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1161","DOI":"10.4315\/0362-028X.JFP-10-415","article-title":"Thermal Inactivation of Avian Influenza Virus and Newcastle Disease Virus in a Fat-Free Egg Product","volume":"74","author":"Chmielewski","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Food Prot."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lwt.2013.01.002","article-title":"Inactivation of low pathogenicity notifiable avian influenza virus and lentogenic Newcastle disease virus following pasteurization in liquid egg products","volume":"52","author":"Chmielewski","year":"2013","journal-title":"LWT-Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"640","DOI":"10.4315\/0362-028X.JFP-12-369","article-title":"Evaluation of the U.S. Department of Agriculture\u2019s Egg Pasteurization Processes on the Inactivation of High-Pathogenicity Avian Influenza Virus and Velogenic Newcastle Disease Virus in Processed Egg Products","volume":"76","author":"Chmielewski","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Food Prot."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2400436","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES.2024.29.30.2400436","article-title":"Strain-dependent variations in replication of European clade 2.3.4.4b influenza A(H5N1) viruses in bovine cells and thermal inactivation in semi-skimmed or whole milk","volume":"29","author":"Palme","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eurosurveillance"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wallace, H.L., Wight, J., Dowding, B., Etchebarne, M.B., Flamand, L., Hobman, T., Jean, F., Joy, J.B., Lang, A.S., and McCormick, C. (2024). Longitudinal Influenza A Virus Screening of Retail Milk from Canadian Provinces (Rolling Updates). medRxiv.","DOI":"10.1101\/2024.05.28.24308052"},{"key":"ref_73","unstructured":"Blais-Savoie, J., Yim, W., Kotwa, J.D., Yip, L., Kozak, R., McGeer, A., and Mubareka, S.D. (2024). Screening of retail milk in Ontario for the presence of influenza A. medRxiv."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2028","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc2405371","article-title":"Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza A(H5N1) Virus Infection in a Dairy Farm Worker","volume":"390","author":"Uyeki","year":"2024","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shittu, I., Silva, D., Oguzie, J.U., Marushchak, L.V., Olinger, G.G., Lednicky, J.A., Trujillo-Vargas, C.M., Schneider, N.E., Hao, H., and Gray, G.C. (2024). A One Health Investigation into H5N1 Avian Influenza Virus Epizootics on Two Dairy Farms. medRxiv.","DOI":"10.1101\/2024.07.27.24310982"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"761","DOI":"10.2217\/fmb-2024-0033","article-title":"Online dashboards for SARS-CoV-2 wastewater-based epidemiology","volume":"19","author":"Focosi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Future Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"526","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.estlett.4c00331","article-title":"Detection of hemagglutinin H5 influenza A virus sequence in municipal wastewater solids at wastewater treatment plants with increases in influenza A in spring, 2024","volume":"11","author":"Wolfe","year":"2024","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tisza, M.J., Hanson, B., Clark, J.R., Wang, L., Payne, K., Ross, M.C., Mena, K.D., Gitter, A., Cregeen, S.J.J., and Cormier, J.J. (2024). Virome Sequencing Identifies H5N1 Avian Influenza in Wastewater from Nine Cities. medRxiv.","DOI":"10.1101\/2024.05.10.24307179"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2533","DOI":"10.1002\/rmv.2533","article-title":"Passive immunotherapies for the next influenza pandemic","volume":"34","author":"Focosi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Rev. Med. Virol."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tan, S.K., Cebrik, D., Plotnik, D., Agostini, M.L., Boundy, K., Hebner, C.M., Yeh, W.W., Pang, P.S., Moya, J., and Fogarty, C. (2024). A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Trial to Evaluate the Safety and Efficacy of VIR-2482 in Healthy Adults for Prevention of Influenza A Illness (PENINSULA). medRxiv.","DOI":"10.1101\/2024.04.03.24305209"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"666","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiq093","article-title":"Safety and immunogenicity of influenza A H5 subunit vaccines: Effect of vaccine schedule and antigenic variant","volume":"203","author":"Belshe","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"650","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(08)70232-9","article-title":"Stockpiling prepandemic influenza vaccines: A new cornerstone of pandemic preparedness plans","volume":"8","author":"Jennings","year":"2008","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1343","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa055778","article-title":"Safety and immunogenicity of an inactivated subvirion influenza A (H5N1) vaccine","volume":"354","author":"Treanor","year":"2006","journal-title":"New Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1732","DOI":"10.1016\/S0264-410X(00)00395-9","article-title":"Safety and immunogenicity of a recombinant hemagglutinin vaccine for H5 influenza in humans","volume":"19","author":"Treanor","year":"2001","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3915","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2021.05.039","article-title":"The single-cell epigenomic and transcriptional landscape of immunity to influenza vaccination","volume":"184","author":"Wimmers","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_86","first-page":"216","article-title":"The Safety of Adjuvanted Vaccines Revisited: Vaccine-Induced Narcolepsy","volume":"18","author":"Ahmed","year":"2016","journal-title":"Isr. Med. Assoc. J."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"294ra105","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.aab2354","article-title":"Antibodies to influenza nucleoprotein cross-react with human hypocretin receptor 2","volume":"7","author":"Ahmed","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E12323","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1818150116","article-title":"Autoimmunity to hypocretin and molecular mimicry to flu in type 1 narcolepsy","volume":"115","author":"Luo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vaarala, O., Vuorela, A., Partinen, M., Baumann, M., Freitag, T.L., Meri, S., Saavalainen, P., Jauhiainen, M., Soliymani, R., and Kirjavainen, T. (2014). Antigenic differences between AS03 adjuvanted influenza A (H1N1) pandemic vaccines: Implications for pandemrix-associated narcolepsy risk. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0114361"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vogel, O.A., and Manicassamy, B. (2020). Broadly Protective Strategies Against Influenza Viruses: Universal Vaccines and Therapeutics. Front. Microbiol., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2020.00135"},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2801","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.289.21.JOC30885","article-title":"Clinical features and short-term outcomes of 144 patients with SARS in the greater Toronto area","volume":"289","author":"Booth","year":"2003","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20290","DOI":"10.2807\/ese.17.40.20290-en","article-title":"Severe respiratory illness caused by a novel coronavirus, in a patient transferred to the United Kingdom from the Middle East, September 2012","volume":"17","author":"Bermingham","year":"2012","journal-title":"Euro Surveill."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1586\/erv.10.143","article-title":"Panvax(\u00ae): A monovalent inactivated unadjuvanted vaccine against pandemic influenza A (H1N1) 2009","volume":"10","author":"McVernon","year":"2011","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Vaccines"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"801","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiu548","article-title":"AS03B-adjuvanted H5N1 influenza vaccine in children 6 months through 17 years of age: A phase 2\/3 randomized, placebo-controlled, observer-blinded trial","volume":"211","author":"Kosalaraksa","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1186\/s12955-019-1147-4","article-title":"Usability of daily SF36 questionnaires to capture the QALD variation experienced after vaccination with AS03(A)-adjuvanted monovalent influenza A (H5N1) vaccine in a safety and tolerability study","volume":"17","author":"Standaert","year":"2019","journal-title":"Health Qual. Life Outcomes"},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gillard, P., Chu, D.W., Hwang, S.J., Yang, P.C., Thongcharoen, P., Lim, F.S., Dram\u00e9, M., Walravens, K., and Roman, F. (2014). Long-term booster schedules with AS03A-adjuvanted heterologous H5N1 vaccines induces rapid and broad immune responses in Asian adults. BMC Infect. Dis., 14.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-14-142"},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"780","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfma.2011.11.009","article-title":"Immunogenicity and safety of an AS03(A)-adjuvanted H5N1 influenza vaccine in a Taiwanese population","volume":"110","author":"Hwang","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Formos. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"580","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(07)61297-5","article-title":"Antigen sparing and cross-reactive immunity with an adjuvanted rH5N1 prototype pandemic influenza vaccine: A randomised controlled trial","volume":"370","author":"Borkowski","year":"2007","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Leroux-Roels, I., Bernhard, R., G\u00e9rard, P., Dram\u00e9, M., Hanon, E., and Leroux-Roels, G. (2008). Broad Clade 2 Cross-Reactive Immunity Induced by an Adjuvanted Clade 1 rH5N1 Pandemic Influenza Vaccine. PLoS ONE, 3.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0001665"},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2001017","article-title":"A Novel Coronavirus from Patients with Pneumonia in China, 2019","volume":"382","author":"Zhu","year":"2020","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"ofu091","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofu091","article-title":"Safety, Reactogenicity, and Immunogenicity of Inactivated Monovalent Influenza A(H5N1) Virus Vaccine Administered with or Without AS03 Adjuvant","volume":"1","author":"Chen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Open Forum Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nuwarda, R.F., Alharbi, A.A., and Kayser, V. (2021). An Overview of Influenza Viruses and Vaccines. Vaccines, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines9091032"},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-018-0340-z","article-title":"Current and future influenza vaccines","volume":"25","author":"Yamayoshi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gunjan, K., Pandey, R.P., Mukherjee, R., and Chang, C.-M. (2024). Navigating the global egg shortage: A comprehensive study of interconnected challenges. medRxiv.","DOI":"10.1101\/2024.03.13.24304250"},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2724","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc061152","article-title":"An inactivated subvirion influenza A (H5N1) vaccine","volume":"354","author":"Focosi","year":"2006","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhou, F., Hansen, L., Pedersen, G., Gr\u00f8deland, G., and Cox, R. (2021). Matrix M Adjuvanted H5N1 Vaccine Elicits Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies and Neuraminidase Inhibiting Antibodies in Humans That Correlate With In Vivo Protection. Front. Immunol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.747774"},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1111\/irv.12755","article-title":"Clinical phase II and III studies of an AS03-adjuvanted H5N1 influenza vaccine produced in an EB66(\u00ae) cell culture platform","volume":"14","author":"Endo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Influenza Other Respir. Viruses"},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6930","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2021.10.010","article-title":"Antibody responses against heterologous A\/H5N1 strains for an MF59-adjuvanted cell culture-derived A\/H5N1 (aH5N1c) influenza vaccine in healthy pediatric subjects","volume":"39","author":"Chanthavanich","year":"2021","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e140794","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI140794","article-title":"A replication-competent adenovirus-vectored influenza vaccine induces durable systemic and mucosal immunity","volume":"131","author":"Matsuda","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3722","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2019.05.013","article-title":"Safety and immunogenicity of a replication-deficient H5N1 influenza virus vaccine lacking NS1","volume":"37","author":"Nicolodi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1860","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiu123","article-title":"A live attenuated influenza A(H5N1) vaccine induces long-term immunity in the absence of a primary antibody response","volume":"209","author":"Talaat","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.3201\/eid3001.230756","article-title":"Avian Influenza A(H5N1) Neuraminidase Inhibition Antibodies in Healthy Adults after Exposure to Influenza A(H1N1)pdm09","volume":"30","author":"Daulagala","year":"2024","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(24)00132-4","article-title":"Is eradication of influenza B viruses possible?","volume":"24","author":"Koutsakos","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"899","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abm0271","article-title":"A multivalent nucleoside-modified mRNA vaccine against all known influenza virus subtypes","volume":"378","author":"Arevalo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eade4790","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.ade4790","article-title":"An influenza hemagglutinin stem nanoparticle vaccine induces cross-group 1 neutralizing antibodies in healthy adults","volume":"15","author":"Widge","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eade4976","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.ade4976","article-title":"An influenza H1 hemagglutinin stem-only immunogen elicits a broadly cross-reactive B cell response in humans","volume":"15","author":"Andrews","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1038\/d41586-023-03859-w","article-title":"Self-copying RNA vaccine wins first full approval: What\u2019s next?","volume":"624","author":"Dolgin","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1016\/j.omtm.2022.09.013","article-title":"Self-amplifying mRNA bicistronic influenza vaccines raise cross-reactive immune responses in mice and prevent infection in ferrets","volume":"27","author":"Chang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mol. Ther.-Methods Clin. Dev."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3326","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2019.04.074","article-title":"mRNA vaccines against H10N8 and H7N9 influenza viruses of pandemic potential are immunogenic and well tolerated in healthy adults in phase 1 randomized clinical trials","volume":"37","author":"Feldman","year":"2019","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100082","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcvp.2022.100082","article-title":"Safety and immunogenicity of synchronous COVID19 and influenza vaccination","volume":"2","author":"Baj","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Clin. Virol. Plus"},{"key":"ref_121","first-page":"e28","article-title":"Pancreas rejection after pandemic influenzavirus A(H1N1) vaccination or infection: A report of two cases","volume":"24","author":"Vistoli","year":"2011","journal-title":"Transpl. Int. Off. J. Eur. Soc. Organ Transplant."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1007\/s00277-007-0413-4","article-title":"False positive PET scanning caused by inactivated influenza virus vaccination during complete remission from anaplastic T-cell lymphoma","volume":"87","author":"Focosi","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ann. Hematol."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2301926120","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2301926120","article-title":"The genomic landscape of swine influenza A viruses in Southeast Asia","volume":"120","author":"Zeller","year":"2023","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Coleman, K.K., and Bemis, I.G. (2024). Avian Influenza Virus Infections in Felines: A Systematic Review of Two Decades of Literature. medRxiv.","DOI":"10.1101\/2024.04.30.24306585"},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2010.05.024","article-title":"Dogs are highly susceptible to H5N1 avian influenza virus","volume":"405","author":"Chen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pearson, H. (2002). Cows could foster flu pandemics. Nature News.","DOI":"10.1038\/news020107-4"},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2353292","DOI":"10.1080\/22221751.2024.2353292","article-title":"Pigs are highly susceptible to but do not transmit mink-derived highly pathogenic avian influenza virus H5N1 clade 2.3.4.4b","volume":"13","author":"Kwon","year":"2024","journal-title":"Emerg. Microbes Infect."},{"key":"ref_128","unstructured":"WHO Disease Outbreak News (2024, June 06). Avian Influenza A (H5N2)\u2014Mexico. Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/emergencies\/disease-outbreak-news\/item\/2024-DON520."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4123","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-48470-3","article-title":"Structures of H5N1 influenza polymerase with ANP32B reveal mechanisms of genome replication and host adaptation","volume":"15","author":"Staller","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Briggs, K., and Kapczynski, D.R. (2023). Comparative analysis of PB2 residue 627E\/K\/V in H5 subtypes of avian influenza viruses isolated from birds and mammals. Front. Vet. Sci., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2023.1250952"},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6135","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-41308-4","article-title":"An Influenza A virus can evolve to use human ANP32E through altering polymerase dimerization","volume":"14","author":"Sheppard","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dadonaite, B., Ahn, J.J., Ort, J.T., Yu, J., Furey, C., Dosey, A., Hannon, W.W., Baker, A.V., Webby, R.J., and King, N.P. (2024). Deep mutational scanning of H5 hemagglutinin to inform influenza virus surveillance. bioRxiv.","DOI":"10.1101\/2024.05.23.595634"},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Teo, Q.W., Wang, Y., Lv, H., Mao, K.J., Tan, T.J.C., Huan, Y.W., Rivera-Cardona, J., Shao, E.K., Choi, D., and Dargani, Z.T. (2024). Deep mutational scanning of influenza A virus NEP reveals pleiotropic mutations in its N-terminal domain. bioRxiv.","DOI":"10.1101\/2024.05.16.594574"},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-018-0115-z","article-title":"Host and viral determinants of influenza A virus species specificity","volume":"17","author":"Long","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-023-06261-8","article-title":"BTN3A3 evasion promotes the zoonotic potential of influenza A viruses","volume":"619","author":"Pinto","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2006.07.046","article-title":"Coronavirus nucleocapsid protein is an RNA chaperone","volume":"357","author":"Sola","year":"2007","journal-title":"Virology"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/25\/15\/8550\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T15:30:28Z","timestamp":1760110228000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/25\/15\/8550"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,5]]},"references-count":136,"journal-issue":{"issue":"15","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms25158550"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms25158550","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,5]]}}}