{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T21:32:37Z","timestamp":1790112757236,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":190,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,7]],"date-time":"2024-08-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1722988800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The characteristic feature of chronic peritoneal damage in peritoneal dialysis (PD) is a decline in ultrafiltration capacity associated with pathological fibrosis and angiogenesis. The pathogenesis of peritoneal fibrosis is attributed to bioincompatible factors of PD fluid and peritonitis. Uremia is associated with peritoneal membrane inflammation that affects fibrosis, neoangiogenesis, and baseline peritoneal membrane function. Net ultrafiltration volume is affected by capillary surface area, vasculopathy, peritoneal fibrosis, and lymphangiogenesis. Many inflammatory cytokines induce fibrogenic growth factors, with crosstalk between macrophages and fibroblasts. Transforming growth factor (TGF)-\u03b2 and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-A are the key mediators of fibrosis and angiogenesis, respectively. Bioincompatible factors of PD fluid upregulate TGF-\u03b2 expression by mesothelial cells that contributes to the development of fibrosis. Angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis can progress during fibrosis via TGF-\u03b2\u2013VEGF-A\/C pathways. Complement activation occurs in fungal peritonitis and progresses insidiously during PD. Analyses of the human peritoneal membrane have clarified the mechanisms by which encapsulating peritoneal sclerosis develops. Different effects of dialysates on the peritoneal membrane were also recognized, particularly in terms of vascular damage. Understanding the pathophysiologies of the peritoneal membrane will lead to preservation of peritoneal membrane function and improvements in technical survival, mortality, and quality of life for PD patients.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25168607","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,7]],"date-time":"2024-08-07T11:33:52Z","timestamp":1723030432000},"page":"8607","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":48,"title":["Pathophysiological Mechanisms of Peritoneal Fibrosis and Peritoneal Membrane Dysfunction in Peritoneal Dialysis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Yasuhiko","family":"Ito","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nephrology and Rheumatology, Aichi Medical University, Nagakute 480-1195, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1627-5343","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ting","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nephrology and Rheumatology, Aichi Medical University, Nagakute 480-1195, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mitsuhiro","family":"Tawada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nephrology, Imaike Jin Clinic, Nagoya 464-0850, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hiroshi","family":"Kinashi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nephrology and Rheumatology, Aichi Medical University, Nagakute 480-1195, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Makoto","family":"Yamaguchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nephrology and Rheumatology, Aichi Medical University, Nagakute 480-1195, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Takayuki","family":"Katsuno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nephrology and Rheumatology, Aichi Medical University Medical Center, Okazaki 444-2148, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-9248-3356","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hangsoo","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nephrology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Masashi","family":"Mizuno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nephrology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9861-5331","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Takuji","family":"Ishimoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nephrology and Rheumatology, Aichi Medical University, Nagakute 480-1195, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneph.2016.181","article-title":"Changes in the worldwide epidemiology of peritoneal dialysis","volume":"13","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. 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