{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T20:06:24Z","timestamp":1791230784356,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,12]],"date-time":"2024-08-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1723420800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"the National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["32270935"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32270935"]}]},{"name":"the National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["32070897"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32070897"]}]},{"name":"the National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["31872734"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["31872734"]}]},{"name":"the National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["31872733"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["31872733"]}]},{"name":"the National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["32071178"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32071178"]}]},{"name":"the National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["2023YFB3507002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023YFB3507002"]}]},{"name":"the National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["2024600CC0080"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024600CC0080"]}]},{"name":"the National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["7242087"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["7242087"]}]},{"name":"the National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["81621001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81621001"]}]},{"name":"the National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["2018PT31039"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018PT31039"]}]},{"name":"the National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["GZKJ-KJXX-QTHT-20230626"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GZKJ-KJXX-QTHT-20230626"]}]},{"name":"the National Key R&amp;D Program of China","award":["32270935"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32270935"]}]},{"name":"the National Key R&amp;D Program of China","award":["32070897"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32070897"]}]},{"name":"the National Key R&amp;D Program of China","award":["31872734"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["31872734"]}]},{"name":"the National Key R&amp;D Program of China","award":["31872733"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["31872733"]}]},{"name":"the National Key R&amp;D Program of China","award":["32071178"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32071178"]}]},{"name":"the National Key R&amp;D Program of China","award":["2023YFB3507002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023YFB3507002"]}]},{"name":"the National Key R&amp;D Program of China","award":["2024600CC0080"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024600CC0080"]}]},{"name":"the National Key R&amp;D Program of China","award":["7242087"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["7242087"]}]},{"name":"the National Key R&amp;D Program of China","award":["81621001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81621001"]}]},{"name":"the National Key R&amp;D Program of China","award":["2018PT31039"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018PT31039"]}]},{"name":"the National Key R&amp;D Program of China","award":["GZKJ-KJXX-QTHT-20230626"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GZKJ-KJXX-QTHT-20230626"]}]},{"name":"the Beijing Life Science Academy","award":["32270935"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32270935"]}]},{"name":"the Beijing Life Science Academy","award":["32070897"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32070897"]}]},{"name":"the Beijing Life Science Academy","award":["31872734"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["31872734"]}]},{"name":"the Beijing Life Science Academy","award":["31872733"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["31872733"]}]},{"name":"the Beijing Life Science Academy","award":["32071178"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32071178"]}]},{"name":"the Beijing Life Science Academy","award":["2023YFB3507002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023YFB3507002"]}]},{"name":"the Beijing Life Science Academy","award":["2024600CC0080"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024600CC0080"]}]},{"name":"the Beijing Life Science Academy","award":["7242087"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["7242087"]}]},{"name":"the Beijing Life Science Academy","award":["81621001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81621001"]}]},{"name":"the Beijing Life Science Academy","award":["2018PT31039"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018PT31039"]}]},{"name":"the Beijing Life Science Academy","award":["GZKJ-KJXX-QTHT-20230626"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GZKJ-KJXX-QTHT-20230626"]}]},{"name":"the Beijing Natural Science Foundation","award":["32270935"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32270935"]}]},{"name":"the Beijing Natural Science Foundation","award":["32070897"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32070897"]}]},{"name":"the Beijing Natural Science Foundation","award":["31872734"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["31872734"]}]},{"name":"the Beijing Natural Science Foundation","award":["31872733"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["31872733"]}]},{"name":"the Beijing Natural Science Foundation","award":["32071178"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32071178"]}]},{"name":"the Beijing Natural Science Foundation","award":["2023YFB3507002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023YFB3507002"]}]},{"name":"the Beijing Natural Science Foundation","award":["2024600CC0080"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024600CC0080"]}]},{"name":"the Beijing Natural Science Foundation","award":["7242087"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["7242087"]}]},{"name":"the Beijing Natural Science Foundation","award":["81621001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81621001"]}]},{"name":"the Beijing Natural Science Foundation","award":["2018PT31039"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018PT31039"]}]},{"name":"the Beijing Natural Science Foundation","award":["GZKJ-KJXX-QTHT-20230626"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GZKJ-KJXX-QTHT-20230626"]}]},{"name":"the Foundation for Innovative Research Groups of the National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["32270935"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32270935"]}]},{"name":"the Foundation for Innovative Research Groups of the National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["32070897"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32070897"]}]},{"name":"the Foundation for Innovative Research Groups of the National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["31872734"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["31872734"]}]},{"name":"the Foundation for Innovative Research Groups of the National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["31872733"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["31872733"]}]},{"name":"the Foundation for Innovative Research Groups of the National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["32071178"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32071178"]}]},{"name":"the Foundation for Innovative Research Groups of the National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["2023YFB3507002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023YFB3507002"]}]},{"name":"the Foundation for Innovative Research Groups of the National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["2024600CC0080"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024600CC0080"]}]},{"name":"the Foundation for Innovative Research Groups of the National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["7242087"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["7242087"]}]},{"name":"the Foundation for Innovative Research Groups of the National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["81621001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81621001"]}]},{"name":"the Foundation for Innovative Research Groups of the National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["2018PT31039"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018PT31039"]}]},{"name":"the Foundation for Innovative Research Groups of the National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["GZKJ-KJXX-QTHT-20230626"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GZKJ-KJXX-QTHT-20230626"]}]},{"name":"the Non-Profit Central Research Institute Fund of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences","award":["32270935"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32270935"]}]},{"name":"the Non-Profit Central Research Institute Fund of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences","award":["32070897"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32070897"]}]},{"name":"the Non-Profit Central Research Institute Fund of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences","award":["31872734"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["31872734"]}]},{"name":"the Non-Profit Central Research Institute Fund of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences","award":["31872733"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["31872733"]}]},{"name":"the Non-Profit Central Research Institute Fund of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences","award":["32071178"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32071178"]}]},{"name":"the Non-Profit Central Research Institute Fund of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences","award":["2023YFB3507002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023YFB3507002"]}]},{"name":"the Non-Profit Central Research Institute Fund of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences","award":["2024600CC0080"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024600CC0080"]}]},{"name":"the Non-Profit Central Research Institute Fund of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences","award":["7242087"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["7242087"]}]},{"name":"the Non-Profit Central Research Institute Fund of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences","award":["81621001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81621001"]}]},{"name":"the Non-Profit Central Research Institute Fund of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences","award":["2018PT31039"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018PT31039"]}]},{"name":"the Non-Profit Central Research Institute Fund of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences","award":["GZKJ-KJXX-QTHT-20230626"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GZKJ-KJXX-QTHT-20230626"]}]},{"name":"the Key Support Project of GuoZhong Health Care of China General Technology Group","award":["32270935"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32270935"]}]},{"name":"the Key Support Project of GuoZhong Health Care of China General Technology Group","award":["32070897"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32070897"]}]},{"name":"the Key Support Project of GuoZhong Health Care of China General Technology Group","award":["31872734"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["31872734"]}]},{"name":"the Key Support Project of GuoZhong Health Care of China General Technology Group","award":["31872733"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["31872733"]}]},{"name":"the Key Support Project of GuoZhong Health Care of China General Technology Group","award":["32071178"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32071178"]}]},{"name":"the Key Support Project of GuoZhong Health Care of China General Technology Group","award":["2023YFB3507002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023YFB3507002"]}]},{"name":"the Key Support Project of GuoZhong Health Care of China General Technology Group","award":["2024600CC0080"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024600CC0080"]}]},{"name":"the Key Support Project of GuoZhong Health Care of China General Technology Group","award":["7242087"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["7242087"]}]},{"name":"the Key Support Project of GuoZhong Health Care of China General Technology Group","award":["81621001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81621001"]}]},{"name":"the Key Support Project of GuoZhong Health Care of China General Technology Group","award":["2018PT31039"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018PT31039"]}]},{"name":"the Key Support Project of GuoZhong Health Care of China General Technology Group","award":["GZKJ-KJXX-QTHT-20230626"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GZKJ-KJXX-QTHT-20230626"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Exposure to the space microenvironment has been found to disrupt the homeostasis of intestinal epithelial cells and alter the composition of the microbiota. To investigate this in more detail and to examine the impact of ginsenoside Rb1, we utilized a mouse model of hindlimb unloading (HU) for four weeks to simulate the effects of microgravity. Our findings revealed that HU mice had ileum epithelial injury with a decrease in the number of intestinal stem cells (ISCs) and the level of cell proliferation. The niche functions for ISCs were also impaired in HU mice, including a reduction in Paneth cells and Wnt signaling, along with an increase in oxidative stress. The administration of Rb1 during the entire duration of HU alleviated the observed intestinal defects, suggesting its beneficial influence on epithelial cell homeostasis. Hindlimb unloading also resulted in gut dysbiosis. The supplementation of Rb1 in the HU mice or the addition of Rb1 derivative compound K in bacterial culture in vitro promoted the growth of beneficial probiotic species such as Akkermansia. The co-housing experiment further showed that Rb1 treatment in ground control mice alone could alleviate the defects in HU mice that were co-housed with Rb1-treated ground mice. Together, these results underscore a close relationship between dysbiosis and impaired ISC functions in the HU mouse model. It also highlights the beneficial effects of Rb1 in mitigating HU-induced epithelial injury by promoting the expansion of intestinal probiotics. These animal-based insights provide valuable knowledge for the development of improved approaches to maintaining ISC homeostasis in astronauts.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25168769","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,14]],"date-time":"2024-08-14T05:23:27Z","timestamp":1723613007000},"page":"8769","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Effects of Ginsenoside Rb1 on the Crosstalk between Intestinal Stem Cells and Microbiota in a Simulated Weightlessness Mouse Model"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Beibei","family":"Zong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Integration of Chinese and Western Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jingyi","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China"},{"name":"NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kai","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China"},{"name":"NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jie","family":"Hao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China"},{"name":"NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jing-Yan","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Integration of Chinese and Western Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5666-9497","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rong","family":"Jin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China"},{"name":"NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qing","family":"Ge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Integration of Chinese and Western Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China"},{"name":"Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China"},{"name":"NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1038\/nrm3721","article-title":"Adult intestinal stem cells: Critical drivers of epithelial homeostasis and regeneration","volume":"15","author":"Barker","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.physiol.010908.163145","article-title":"Stem Cells, Self-Renewal, and Differentiation in the Intestinal Epithelium","volume":"71","author":"Clevers","year":"2009","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1016\/j.devcel.2020.07.009","article-title":"Intestinal Regeneration: Regulation by the Microenvironment","volume":"54","author":"Hageman","year":"2020","journal-title":"Dev. Cell"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1038\/nature07935","article-title":"Single Lgr5 stem cells build crypt-villus structures without a mesenchymal niche","volume":"459","author":"Sato","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e537","DOI":"10.1038\/cddis.2013.50","article-title":"Redox homeostasis: The linchpin in stem cell self-renewal and differentiation","volume":"4","author":"Wang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stem.2010.12.006","article-title":"Redox Regulation by Keap1 and Nrf2 Controls Intestinal Stem Cell Proliferation in","volume":"8","author":"Hochmuth","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cell Stem Cell"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"604","DOI":"10.1016\/j.it.2021.05.004","article-title":"Hypoxia and HIF-1 as key regulators of gut microbiota and host interactions","volume":"42","author":"Pral","year":"2021","journal-title":"Trends Immunol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"492","DOI":"10.1038\/s41422-020-0332-7","article-title":"Interaction between microbiota and immunity in health and disease","volume":"30","author":"Zheng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Res."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1186\/s13073-022-01092-0","article-title":"Metabolic control by the microbiome","volume":"14","author":"Cox","year":"2022","journal-title":"Genome Med."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148S","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1992.73.2.S148","article-title":"Proliferation of jejunal mucosal cells in rats flown in space","volume":"73","author":"Sawyer","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"25","article-title":"Tissue-specific reaction of the mucous coat of herbals\u2019 small gut under the influence of spaceflight factors on board biosat \u201cFoton M3\u201d","volume":"45","author":"Atiakshin","year":"2011","journal-title":"Aviakosm. Ekolog. Med."},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"40","article-title":"Histochemical study of the digestive organs of rats after a flight on \u201cKosmos-605\u201d","volume":"11","author":"Shubich","year":"1977","journal-title":"Kosm. Biol. Aviakosm. Med."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhou, Y., Ni, H., Li, M., Sanzari, J.K., Diffenderfer, E.S., Lin, L., Kennedy, A.R., and Weissman, D. (2012). Effect of solar particle event radiation and hindlimb suspension on gastrointestinal tract bacterial translocation and immune activation. PLoS ONE, 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0044329"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3695","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.201700034R","article-title":"Intestinal microbiota contributes to colonic epithelial changes in simulated microgravity mouse model","volume":"31","author":"Shi","year":"2017","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10140","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.201900238RR","article-title":"Intestinal microbiota contributes to altered glucose metabolism in simulated microgravity mouse model","volume":"33","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1345","DOI":"10.1080\/15287390500361792","article-title":"Alterations in the virulence potential of enteric pathogens and bacterial-host cell interactions under simulated microgravity conditions","volume":"69","author":"Chopra","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Toxicol. Environ. Health A"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lssr.2024.01.002","article-title":"The influence of simulated weightlessness on the composition and function of gut microbiota and bile acid metabolism products","volume":"41","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Life Sci. Space Res."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1196","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00997.2015","article-title":"Hindlimb unloading: Rodent analog for microgravity","volume":"120","author":"Globus","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Siddiqui, R., Qaisar, R., Khan, N.A., Alharbi, A.M., Alfahemi, H., and Elmoselhi, A. (2022). Effect of Microgravity on the Gut Microbiota Bacterial Composition in a Hindlimb Unloading Model. Life, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/life12111865"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Siddiqui, R., Mungroo, M.R., Alharbi, A.M., Alfahemi, H., and Khan, N.A. (2022). The Use of Gut Microbial Modulation Strategies as Interventional Strategies for Ageing. Microorganisms, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms10091869"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5221","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-022-12045-3","article-title":"Response of human gut microbiota under simulated microgravity","volume":"106","author":"Han","year":"2022","journal-title":"Appl. Microbiol. Biot."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lssr.2023.08.006","article-title":"Enhancing microbial diversity as well as multi-organ health in hind-limb unloaded mice","volume":"40","author":"Shama","year":"2024","journal-title":"Life Sci. Space Res."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"An, L., Yu, Y., He, L., Xiao, X., and Li, P.C. (2024). Ginsenoside Rb1 Deters Cell Proliferation, Induces Apoptosis, Alleviates Oxidative Stress, and Antimetastasis in Oral Squamous Carcinoma Cells. Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/s12010-024-04880-z"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jgr.2021.07.008","article-title":"Recent progress (2015\u20132020) in the investigation of the pharmacological effects and mechanisms of ginsenoside Rb1, a main active ingredient in Panax ginseng Meyer","volume":"46","author":"Lin","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Ginseng Res."},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"3633","article-title":"Ginsenoside Rb1 attenuates intestinal ischemia\/reperfusion-induced inflammation and oxidative stress via activation of the PI3K\/Akt\/Nrf2 signaling pathway","volume":"19","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mol. Med. Rep."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lei, Z.L., Chen, L., Hu, Q., Yang, Y., Tong, F., Li, K., Lin, T., Nie, Y., Rong, H., and Yu, S. (2022). Ginsenoside Rb1 improves intestinal aging via regulating the expression of sirtuins in the intestinal epithelium and modulating the gut microbiota of mice. Front. Pharmacol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2022.991597"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1193","DOI":"10.1111\/jgh.14532","article-title":"Ginsenoside Rb1 promotes intestinal epithelial wound healing through extracellular signal-regulated kinase and Rho signaling","volume":"34","author":"Toyokawa","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Gastroen. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2563","DOI":"10.3892\/etm.2016.3639","article-title":"Ginsenoside Rb1 protects the intestinal mucosal barrier following peritoneal air exposure","volume":"12","author":"Zhou","year":"2016","journal-title":"Exp. Ther. Med."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"500","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-021-01620-3","article-title":"Gut microbiota link dietary fiber intake and short-chain fatty acid metabolism with eating behavior","volume":"11","author":"Medawar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Transl. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1186\/s13020-023-00756-2","article-title":"Panax notoginseng saponins inhibits NLRP3 inflammasome-mediated pyroptosis by downregulating lncRNA-ANRIL in cardiorenal syndrome type 4","volume":"18","author":"Xu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Chin. Med."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, K.X., Zhu, Y., Song, S.X., Bu, Q.Y., You, X.Y., Zou, H., and Zhao, G.P. (2024). Ginsenoside Rb1, Compound K and 20(S)-Protopanaxadiol Attenuate High-Fat Diet-Induced Hyperlipidemia in Rats via Modulation of Gut Microbiota and Bile Acid Metabolism. Molecules, 29.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules29051108"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zou, H., Zhang, M., Zhu, X., Zhu, L., Chen, S., Luo, M., Xie, Q., Chen, Y., Zhang, K., and Bu, Q. (2022). Ginsenoside Rb1 Improves Metabolic Disorder in High-Fat Diet-Induced Obese Mice Associated with Modulation of Gut Microbiota. Front. Microbiol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2022.826487"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116914","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2023.116914","article-title":"Geniposide protects against neurotoxicity in mouse models of rotenone-induced Parkinson\u2019s disease involving the mTOR and Nrf2 pathways","volume":"318","author":"Zhou","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1768","DOI":"10.1111\/bph.16320","article-title":"Ginsenosides retard atherogenesis via remodelling host-microbiome metabolic homeostasis","volume":"181","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Br. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.2174\/1389201020666190311143554","article-title":"Combined Amelioration of Ginsenoside (Rg1, Rb1 and Rg3)-enriched Korean Red Ginseng and Probiotic on Non-alcoholic Liver Disease","volume":"20","author":"Kim","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr. Pharm. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zeng, Z.B., Wang, H., Yi, R., Lou, J., Wen, S., and Hu, Z. (2023). Gut microbiome and metabolome in aneurysm rat with hypertension after ginsenoside Rb1 treatment. Front. Pharmacol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2023.1287711"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jgr.2018.09.002","article-title":"Ginsenoside Rb1 exerts neuroprotective effects through regulation of abundance and GABA receptor expression","volume":"44","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Ginseng Res."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1211","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(15)00293-5","article-title":"A comprehensive repertoire of prokaryotic species identified in human beings","volume":"15","author":"Hugon","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1191","DOI":"10.1007\/s13213-019-01500-8","article-title":"Short-chain fatty acid and vitamin production potentials of isolated from fermented foods of Khasi Tribes, Meghalaya, India","volume":"69","author":"Hati","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1657","DOI":"10.1038\/s41418-018-0070-2","article-title":"Lactobacillus accelerates ISCs regeneration to protect the integrity of intestinal mucosa through activation of STAT3 signaling pathway induced by LPLs secretion of IL-22","volume":"25","author":"Hou","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Death Differ."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ghotaslou, R., Nabizadeh, E., Memar, M.Y., Law, W.M.H., Ozma, M.A., Abdi, M., Yekani, M., Kadkhoda, H., Hosseinpour, R., and Bafadam, S. (2023). The metabolic, protective, and immune functions of Akkermansia muciniphila. Microbiol. Res., 266.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micres.2022.127245"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102026","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cdnut.2023.102026","article-title":"Role of Bifidobacterium in Modulating the Intestinal Epithelial Tight Junction Barrier: Current Knowledge and Perspectives","volume":"7","author":"Abdulqadir","year":"2023","journal-title":"Curr. Dev. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neures.2022.11.003","article-title":"Ginsenoside Rb1, a principal effective ingredient of Panax notoginseng, produces pain antihypersensitivity by spinal microglial dynorphin A expression","volume":"188","author":"Shoaib","year":"2023","journal-title":"Neurosci. Res."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1002\/jlb.54.3.227","article-title":"Antiorthostatic suspension as a model for the effects of spaceflight on the immune system","volume":"54","author":"Chapes","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Leukoc. Biol."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/25\/16\/8769\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T15:35:23Z","timestamp":1760110523000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/25\/16\/8769"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,12]]},"references-count":44,"journal-issue":{"issue":"16","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms25168769"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms25168769","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,12]]}}}