{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:09:10Z","timestamp":1788221350071,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,12]],"date-time":"2024-08-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1723420800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute","award":["UO-1 HL 121841-01A1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UO-1 HL 121841-01A1"]}]},{"name":"the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute","award":["NOT-TR-20-028 SI"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NOT-TR-20-028 SI"]}]},{"name":"the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute","award":["HHSN268201100014C"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HHSN268201100014C"]}]},{"name":"the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute","award":["RTI 21CATA00001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RTI 21CATA00001"]}]},{"name":"the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute","award":["R01HL130402"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01HL130402"]}]},{"name":"the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute","award":["R33 HL154103-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R33 HL154103-01"]}]},{"name":"NIH SMARTT (Science Moving towards Research Translation and Therapy)","award":["UO-1 HL 121841-01A1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UO-1 HL 121841-01A1"]}]},{"name":"NIH SMARTT (Science Moving towards Research Translation and Therapy)","award":["NOT-TR-20-028 SI"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NOT-TR-20-028 SI"]}]},{"name":"NIH SMARTT (Science Moving towards Research Translation and Therapy)","award":["HHSN268201100014C"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HHSN268201100014C"]}]},{"name":"NIH SMARTT (Science Moving towards Research Translation and Therapy)","award":["RTI 21CATA00001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RTI 21CATA00001"]}]},{"name":"NIH SMARTT (Science Moving towards Research Translation and Therapy)","award":["R01HL130402"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01HL130402"]}]},{"name":"NIH SMARTT (Science Moving towards Research Translation and Therapy)","award":["R33 HL154103-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R33 HL154103-01"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Bleeding within the pleural space may result in persistent clot formation called retained hemothorax (RH). RH is prone to organization, which compromises effective drainage, leading to lung restriction and dyspnea. Intrapleural fibrinolytic therapy is used to clear the persistent organizing clot in lieu of surgery, but fibrinolysin selection, delivery strategies, and dosing have yet to be identified. We used a recently established rabbit model of RH to test whether intrapleural delivery of single-chain urokinase (scuPA) can most effectively clear RH. scuPA, or single-chain tissue plasminogen activator (sctPA), was delivered via thoracostomy tube on day 7 as either one or two doses 8 h apart. Pleural clot dissolution was assessed using transthoracic ultrasonography, chest computed tomography, two-dimensional and clot displacement measurements, and gross analysis. Two doses of scuPA (1 mg\/kg) were more effective than a bolus dose of 2 mg\/kg in resolving RH and facilitating drainage of pleural fluids (PF). Red blood cell counts in the PF of scuPA, or sctPA-treated rabbits were comparable, and no gross intrapleural hemorrhage was observed. Both fibrinolysins were equally effective in clearing clots and promoting pleural drainage. Biomarkers of inflammation and organization were likewise comparable in PF from both groups. The findings suggest that single-agent therapy may be effective in clearing RH; however, the clinical advantage of intrapleural scuPA remains to be established by future clinical trials.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25168778","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,14]],"date-time":"2024-08-14T05:23:27Z","timestamp":1723613007000},"page":"8778","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Intrapleural Fibrinolytic Interventions for Retained Hemothoraces in Rabbits"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Christian J.","family":"De Vera","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler, 11937 US HWY 271, Tyler, TX 75708, 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L.","family":"Emerine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler, 11937 US HWY 271, Tyler, TX 75708, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jon M.","family":"Florence","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler, 11937 US HWY 271, Tyler, TX 75708, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Oluwaseyi","family":"Akiode","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler, 11937 US HWY 271, Tyler, TX 75708, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tanvi V.","family":"Gorthy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler, 11937 US HWY 271, Tyler, TX 75708, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0823-3234","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Torry A.","family":"Tucker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler, 11937 US HWY 271, Tyler, TX 75708, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karan P.","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler, 11937 US HWY 271, Tyler, TX 75708, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7626-5967","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ali O.","family":"Azghani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, The University of Texas at Tyler, 3900 University Boulevard, Tyler, TX 75799, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrey A.","family":"Komissarov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler, 11937 US HWY 271, Tyler, TX 75708, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Galina","family":"Florova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler, 11937 US HWY 271, Tyler, TX 75708, 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