{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T04:49:04Z","timestamp":1787028544017,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":159,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,14]],"date-time":"2024-08-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1723593600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["82071496"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82071496"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["2024A1515013166"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024A1515013166"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["JCYJ20220530145401003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JCYJ20220530145401003"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["20242135"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20242135"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province","award":["82071496"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82071496"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province","award":["2024A1515013166"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024A1515013166"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province","award":["JCYJ20220530145401003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JCYJ20220530145401003"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province","award":["20242135"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20242135"]}]},{"name":"Shenzhen Science and Technology Program","award":["82071496"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82071496"]}]},{"name":"Shenzhen Science and Technology Program","award":["2024A1515013166"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024A1515013166"]}]},{"name":"Shenzhen Science and Technology Program","award":["JCYJ20220530145401003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JCYJ20220530145401003"]}]},{"name":"Shenzhen Science and Technology Program","award":["20242135"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20242135"]}]},{"name":"Exploration of Undergraduate Training Program for Innovation and Entrepreneurship, Office of Education Administration, Sun Yat-sen University","award":["82071496"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82071496"]}]},{"name":"Exploration of Undergraduate Training Program for Innovation and Entrepreneurship, Office of Education Administration, Sun Yat-sen University","award":["2024A1515013166"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024A1515013166"]}]},{"name":"Exploration of Undergraduate Training Program for Innovation and Entrepreneurship, Office of Education Administration, Sun Yat-sen University","award":["JCYJ20220530145401003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JCYJ20220530145401003"]}]},{"name":"Exploration of Undergraduate Training Program for Innovation and Entrepreneurship, Office of Education Administration, Sun Yat-sen University","award":["20242135"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20242135"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Postpartum depression (PPD) affects 174 million women worldwide and is characterized by profound sadness, anxiety, irritability, and debilitating fatigue, which disrupt maternal caregiving and the mother\u2013infant relationship. Limited pharmacological interventions are currently available. Our understanding of the neurobiological pathophysiology of PPD remains incomplete, potentially hindering the development of novel treatment strategies. Recent hypotheses suggest that PPD is driven by a complex interplay of hormonal changes, neurotransmitter imbalances, inflammation, genetic factors, psychosocial stressors, and hypothalamic\u2013pituitary\u2013adrenal (HPA) axis dysregulation. This narrative review examines recent clinical studies on PPD within the past 15 years, emphasizing advancements in neuroimaging findings and blood biomarker detection. Additionally, we summarize recent laboratory work using animal models to mimic PPD, focusing on hormone withdrawal, HPA axis dysfunction, and perinatal stress theories. We also revisit neurobiological results from several brain regions associated with negative emotions, such as the amygdala, prefrontal cortex, hippocampus, and striatum. These insights aim to improve our understanding of PPD\u2019s neurobiological mechanisms, guiding future research for better early detection, prevention, and personalized treatment strategies for women affected by PPD and their families.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25168835","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,14]],"date-time":"2024-08-14T05:23:27Z","timestamp":1723613007000},"page":"8835","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Bridging Neurobiological Insights and Clinical Biomarkers in Postpartum Depression: A Narrative Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Keyi","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lingxuan","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhuoen","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruxuan","family":"Ding","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-9055-8448","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiaojiao","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bingqing","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-1935-1177","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guoxin","family":"Cao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2545-4239","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jiang-Hong","family":"Ye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology, Pharmacology, Physiology & Neuroscience, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ 07103, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tian","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7551-4618","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rao","family":"Fu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"e41381","article-title":"Postpartum Depression and Maternal Care: Exploring the Complex Effects on Mothers and Infants","volume":"15","author":"Saharoy","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2177","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMcp1607649","article-title":"Postpartum Depression","volume":"375","author":"Stewart","year":"2016","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-023-02439-w","article-title":"A unified model of the biology of peripartum depression","volume":"13","author":"Levin","year":"2023","journal-title":"Transl. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-clinpsy-050212-185612","article-title":"Postpartum depression: Current status and future directions","volume":"9","author":"McCabe","year":"2013","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Clin. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-med-041217-011106","article-title":"Postpartum Depression: Pathophysiology, Treatment, and Emerging Therapeutics","volume":"70","author":"Stewart","year":"2019","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Med."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113161","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2020.113161","article-title":"Psychometric assessment of the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale in an obstetric population","volume":"291","author":"Long","year":"2020","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"508","article-title":"Depression: Screening and Diagnosis","volume":"98","author":"Maurer","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am. Fam. Physician"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1080\/0954026031000136857","article-title":"Postpartum mood disorders","volume":"15","author":"Seyfried","year":"2003","journal-title":"Int. Rev. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.4103\/0970-0218.86527","article-title":"Postpartum Blue is Common in Socially and Economically Insecure Mothers","volume":"36","author":"Manjunath","year":"2011","journal-title":"Indian. J. Community Med."},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"Balaram, K., and Marwaha, R. (2023). Postpartum Blues. StatPearls, StatPearls Publishing."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1007\/s11920-022-01406-4","article-title":"Postpartum Psychosis","volume":"25","author":"Friedman","year":"2023","journal-title":"Curr. Psychiatry Rep."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"(2015). Heterogeneity of postpartum depression: A latent class analysis. Lancet Psychiatry, 2, 59\u201367.","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(14)00055-8"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huang, L., Zhao, Y., Qiang, C., and Fan, B. (2018). Is cognitive behavioral therapy a better choice for women with postnatal depression? A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS ONE, 13.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0205243"},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"124","article-title":"Interpersonal psychotherapy adapted for the group setting in the treatment of postpartum depression","volume":"10","author":"Klier","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Psychother. Pr. Pract. Res."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"823","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2023.07.067","article-title":"A systematic review of interpersonal psychotherapy for postpartum depression","volume":"339","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1370\/afm.1967","article-title":"Effectiveness of Psychological Interventions for Postnatal Depression in Primary Care: A Meta-Analysis","volume":"14","author":"Stephens","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ann. Fam. Med."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2019.05.015","article-title":"A systematic review of the safety and effectiveness of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in the treatment of peripartum depression","volume":"115","author":"Cole","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Psychiatr. Res."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2012.03.003","article-title":"Neonatal benzodiazepines exposure during breastfeeding","volume":"161","author":"Kelly","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9378(03)00868-8","article-title":"Frequency of infant adverse events that are associated with citalopram use during breast-feeding","volume":"190","author":"Lee","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am. J. Obs. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"876","DOI":"10.4103\/jfmpc.jfmpc_217_17","article-title":"Self-limiting diarrhea in an infant exposed to sertraline in breast milk","volume":"6","author":"Uvais","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Fam. Med. Prim. Care"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Eleftheriou, G., Zandonella Callegher, R., Butera, R., De Santis, M., Cavaliere, A.F., Vecchio, S., Lanzi, C., Davanzo, R., Mangili, G., and Bondi, E. (2024). Consensus Panel Recommendations for the Pharmacological Management of Breastfeeding Women with Postpartum Depression. Int. J. Env. Environ. Res. Public. Health, 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph21050551"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1007\/s40263-019-00605-7","article-title":"Pharmacotherapy of Postpartum Depression: Current Approaches and Novel Drug Development","volume":"33","author":"Frieder","year":"2019","journal-title":"CNS Drugs"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1017\/S1092852914000480","article-title":"The role of reproductive hormones in postpartum depression","volume":"20","author":"Schiller","year":"2015","journal-title":"CNS Spectr."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1007\/s00737-019-00991-3","article-title":"Transdermal estradiol for postpartum depression: Results from a pilot randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study","volume":"23","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Arch. Womens Ment. Health"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"930","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(96)91414-2","article-title":"Transdermal oestrogen for treatment of severe postnatal depression","volume":"347","author":"Gregoire","year":"1996","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.v62n0504","article-title":"Estrogen deficiency in severe postpartum depression: Successful treatment with sublingual physiologic 17beta-estradiol: A preliminary study","volume":"62","author":"Ahokas","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Clin. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1841","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-023-06427-2","article-title":"Preclinical and clinical pharmacology of brexanolone (allopregnanolone) for postpartum depression: A landmark journey from concept to clinic in neurosteroid replacement therapy","volume":"240","author":"Reddy","year":"2023","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"774","DOI":"10.1038\/d41573-023-00148-z","article-title":"FDA approves first oral drug for postpartum depression, but rejects it for major depressive disorder","volume":"22","author":"Mullard","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Drug Discov."},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"53","article-title":"Brexanolone and current methods of treating postpartum and perinatal depression","volume":"39","author":"Oracz","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pharmacother. Psychiatry Neurol. Farmakoter."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Balan, I., Patterson, R., Boero, G., Krohn, H., O\u2019Buckley, T.K., Meltzer-Brody, S., and Morrow, A.L. (2023). Brexanolone therapeutics in post-partum depression involves inhibition of systemic inflammatory pathways. EBioMedicine, 89.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2023.104473"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"913843","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/913843","article-title":"Magnetic Resonance Imaging Studies of Postpartum Depression: An Overview","volume":"2015","author":"Fiorelli","year":"2015","journal-title":"Behav. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1064","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(20)30255-8","article-title":"Neuroinflammation in psychiatric disorders: PET imaging and promising new targets","volume":"7","author":"Meyer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nec.2010.11.001","article-title":"Overview of functional magnetic resonance imaging","volume":"22","author":"Glover","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neurosurg. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2016.11.009","article-title":"The Neurobiology of Postpartum Anxiety and Depression","volume":"40","author":"Pawluski","year":"2017","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1080\/17470919.2012.762039","article-title":"A face a mother could love: Depression-related maternal neural responses to infant emotion faces","volume":"8","author":"Laurent","year":"2013","journal-title":"Soc. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"778","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2007.12.009","article-title":"Neural correlates of affective processing in response to sad and angry facial stimuli in patients with major depressive disorder","volume":"32","author":"Lee","year":"2008","journal-title":"Prog. Neuropsychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.012470999","article-title":"Dorsal anterior cingulate cortex: A role in reward-based decision making","volume":"99","author":"Bush","year":"2002","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5528","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-49600-7","article-title":"Beta activity in human anterior cingulate cortex mediates reward biases","volume":"15","author":"Xiao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1093\/scan\/nsq091","article-title":"A cry in the dark: Depressed mothers show reduced neural activation to their own infant\u2019s cry","volume":"7","author":"Laurent","year":"2012","journal-title":"Soc. Cogn. Affect. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12790","DOI":"10.1111\/jne.12790","article-title":"Amygdala and affective responses to infant pictures: Comparing depressed and non-depressed mothers and non-mothers","volume":"31","author":"Dudin","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Neuroendocr. Neuroendocrinol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"600","DOI":"10.1080\/17470919.2015.1131193","article-title":"Postpartum depression and brain response to infants: Differential amygdala response and connectivity","volume":"11","author":"Wonch","year":"2016","journal-title":"Soc. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1007\/s00737-011-0226-2","article-title":"The neural processing of negative emotion postpartum: A preliminary study of amygdala function in postpartum depression","volume":"14","author":"Silverman","year":"2011","journal-title":"Arch. Womens Ment. Health"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2006.07.020","article-title":"Anticipation of aversive stimuli activates extended amygdala in unipolar depression","volume":"41","author":"Abler","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Psychiatr. Res."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1069","DOI":"10.1093\/scan\/nst083","article-title":"Disrupted posterior cingulate-amygdala connectivity in postpartum depressed women as measured with resting BOLD fMRI","volume":"9","author":"Chase","year":"2014","journal-title":"Soc. Cogn. Affect. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1196\/annals.1440.011","article-title":"The brain\u2019s default network: Anatomy, function, and relevance to disease","volume":"1124","author":"Buckner","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9078","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1900390116","article-title":"Reduced default mode network functional connectivity in patients with recurrent major depressive disorder","volume":"116","author":"Yan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2011.02.003","article-title":"Default-mode and task-positive network activity in major depressive disorder: Implications for adaptive and maladaptive rumination","volume":"70","author":"Hamilton","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112483","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2020.112483","article-title":"Aberrant resting-state interhemispheric functional connectivity in patients with postpartum depression","volume":"382","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Behav. Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, B., Zhang, S., Li, S., Liu, K., and Hou, X. (2022). Aberrant resting-state regional activity in patients with postpartum depression. Front. Hum. Neurosci., 16.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2022.914894"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"486","DOI":"10.1177\/1073858415595004","article-title":"Regional Homogeneity: A Multimodal, Multiscale Neuroimaging Marker of the Human Connectome","volume":"22","author":"Jiang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neuroscientist"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2019.07.015","article-title":"Characterizing functional regional homogeneity (ReHo) as a B-SNIP psychosis biomarker using traditional and machine learning approaches","volume":"215","author":"Ji","year":"2020","journal-title":"Schizophr. Res."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, C., Li, B., Zhang, S., Liu, Z., Wang, Y., Xu, M., Ji, Y., Wang, S., Sun, G., and Liu, K. (2023). Aberrant structural and functional alterations in postpartum depression: A combined voxel-based morphometry and resting-state functional connectivity study. Front. Neurosci., 17.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2023.1138561"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1177\/0891988713516540","article-title":"Positron emission tomography molecular imaging in late-life depression","volume":"27","author":"Hirao","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Geriatr. Psychiatry Neurol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2014.190","article-title":"Relationship of monoamine oxidase-A distribution volume to postpartum depression and postpartum crying","volume":"40","author":"Sacher","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1209","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.63.11.1209","article-title":"Elevated monoamine oxidase a levels in the brain: An explanation for the monoamine imbalance of major depression","volume":"63","author":"Meyer","year":"2006","journal-title":"Arch. Gen. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1422","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2011.328","article-title":"Postpartum and depression status are associated with lower [\u00b9\u00b9C]raclopride BP(ND) in reproductive-age women","volume":"37","author":"Price","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1277","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2008.194","article-title":"Dopamine type-1 receptor binding in major depressive disorder assessed using positron emission tomography and [11C]NNC-112","volume":"34","author":"Cannon","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-8993(96)01460-6","article-title":"Dopamine D1 and D2 receptor binding sites in brain samples from depressed suicides and controls","volume":"752","author":"Bowden","year":"1997","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2017.03.007","article-title":"Serotonin and neuroplasticity\u2014Links between molecular, functional and structural pathophysiology in depression","volume":"77","author":"Kraus","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"865","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nucmedbio.2007.06.008","article-title":"Serotonin-1A receptor imaging in recurrent depression: Replication and literature review","volume":"34","author":"Drevets","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nucl. Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2007.03.059","article-title":"Serotonin 1A receptor reductions in postpartum depression: A positron emission tomography study","volume":"89","author":"Wisner","year":"2008","journal-title":"Fertil. Steril."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1097\/01.wno.0000177307.21081.81","article-title":"Magnetic resonance spectroscopy","volume":"25","author":"Gujar","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Neuroophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pscychresns.2017.04.008","article-title":"Glutamatergic and neural dysfunction in postpartum depression using magnetic resonance spectroscopy","volume":"265","author":"Rosa","year":"2017","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res. Neuroimaging"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2024.03.150","article-title":"Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy of N-acetyl aspartate in first depressive episode and chronic major depressive disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"355","author":"Saccaro","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2428","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2012.101","article-title":"Increased glutamate levels in the medial prefrontal cortex in patients with postpartum depression","volume":"37","author":"McEwen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"952","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-018-0252-9","article-title":"Glutamatergic neurometabolite levels in major depressive disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis of proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy studies","volume":"24","author":"Moriguchi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"772","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2010.08.009","article-title":"Abnormal cingulate and prefrontal cortical neurochemistry in major depression after electroconvulsive therapy","volume":"69","author":"Merkl","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1178","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2007.10.007","article-title":"Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy measurement of brain glutamate levels in premenstrual dysphoric disorder","volume":"63","author":"Batra","year":"2008","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"546","DOI":"10.1038\/s41386-018-0242-2","article-title":"Resting-state functional connectivity, cortical GABA, and neuroactive steroids in peripartum and peripartum depressed women: A functional magnetic resonance imaging and spectroscopy study","volume":"44","author":"Deligiannidis","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"ref_70","first-page":"166","article-title":"Enhancing contrast agents and radiotracers performance through hyaluronic acid-coating in neuroradiology and nuclear medicine","volume":"20","author":"Ganau","year":"2017","journal-title":"Hell. J. Nucl. Med."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yfrne.2018.12.001","article-title":"Pathophysiological mechanisms implicated in postpartum depression","volume":"52","author":"Payne","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Neuroendocr. Neuroendocrinol."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-444-64239-4.00002-3","article-title":"Neurophysiological and cognitive changes in pregnancy","volume":"171","author":"Grattan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Handb. Clin. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"924","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.157.6.924","article-title":"Effects of gonadal steroids in women with a history of postpartum depression","volume":"157","author":"Bloch","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2006.09.002","article-title":"The role of estrogen and progesterone in depression after birth","volume":"41","author":"Klier","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Psychiatr. Res."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Osborne, L.M., Betz, J.F., Yenokyan, G., Standeven, L.R., and Payne, J.L. (2019). The Role of Allopregnanolone in Pregnancy in Predicting Postpartum Anxiety Symptoms. Front. Psychol., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2019.01033"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1886","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2011.74","article-title":"Plasma oxytocin concentration during pregnancy is associated with development of postpartum depression","volume":"36","author":"Skrundz","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.1002\/ijgo.13351","article-title":"Predictive value of serum CRH\/5-HT ratio for postpartum depression","volume":"151","author":"Cao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Gynaecol. Obs. Obstet."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1097\/PSY.0000000000000066","article-title":"Evaluation of the association between placental corticotrophin-releasing hormone and postpartum depressive symptoms","volume":"76","author":"Glynn","year":"2014","journal-title":"Psychosom. Med."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chai, Y., Li, Q., Wang, Y., Tao, E., and Asakawa, T. (2022). The Value of HPA Axis Hormones as Biomarkers for Screening and Early Diagnosis of Postpartum Depression: Updated Information About Methodology. Front. Endocrinol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2022.916611"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1001\/archgenpsychiatry.2008.533","article-title":"Risk of postpartum depressive symptoms with elevated corticotropin-releasing hormone in human pregnancy","volume":"66","author":"Yim","year":"2009","journal-title":"Arch. Gen. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1177\/1099800408323220","article-title":"Symptoms of postpartum depression associated with elevated levels of interleukin-1 beta during the first month postpartum","volume":"10","author":"Corwin","year":"2008","journal-title":"Biol. Res. Nurs."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jri.2012.01.007","article-title":"Association of depressive symptoms with inflammatory biomarkers among pregnant African-American women","volume":"94","author":"Peters","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Reprod. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1309","DOI":"10.1002\/jnr.24312","article-title":"Inflammatory markers in women with postpartum depressive symptoms","volume":"98","author":"Fransson","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Neurosci. Res."},{"key":"ref_84","first-page":"571","article-title":"Antepartum\/postpartum depressive symptoms and serum zinc and magnesium levels","volume":"58","author":"Dudek","year":"2006","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1357","DOI":"10.1111\/aogs.12000","article-title":"The impact of vitamin D on pregnancy: A systematic review","volume":"91","author":"Christesen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Acta Obs. Obstet. Gynecol. Scand."},{"key":"ref_86","first-page":"311","article-title":"Comprehensive evaluation of postpartum depression and correlations between postpartum depression and serum levels of homocysteine in Chinese women","volume":"40","author":"Huang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Zhong Nan Da Xue Xue Bao Yi Xue Ban"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1016\/S0952-3278(03)00090-5","article-title":"Increased risk of postpartum depressive symptoms is associated with slower normalization after pregnancy of the functional docosahexaenoic acid status","volume":"69","author":"Otto","year":"2003","journal-title":"Prostaglandins Leukot. Essent. Fat. Acids"},{"key":"ref_88","first-page":"274","article-title":"Plasma concentrations of neurotransmitters and postpartum depression","volume":"43","author":"Xie","year":"2018","journal-title":"Zhong Nan Da Xue Xue Bao Yi Xue Ban"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2009.12.009","article-title":"Prenatal beta-endorphin as an early predictor of postpartum depressive symptoms in euthymic women","volume":"125","author":"Yim","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"608","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2018.11.064","article-title":"Early versus late wake therapy improves mood more in antepartum versus postpartum depression by differentially altering melatonin-sleep timing disturbances","volume":"245","author":"Parry","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"ref_91","first-page":"104024","article-title":"Quinolinic acid: An endogenous neurotoxin with multiple targets","volume":"2013","author":"Pineda","year":"2013","journal-title":"Oxid. Med. Cell Longev."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1007\/s11011-017-0178-y","article-title":"The role of tryptophan metabolism in postpartum depression","volume":"33","author":"Duan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Metab. Brain Dis."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn3257","article-title":"Kynurenines in the mammalian brain: When physiology meets pathology","volume":"13","author":"Schwarcz","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1517\/14728222.2011.553603","article-title":"Pathobiological targets of depression","volume":"15","author":"Chopra","year":"2011","journal-title":"Expert. Opin. Ther. Targets"},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1192","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2011.11.042","article-title":"The 5-HTTLPR polymorphism modulates the influence on environmental stressors on peripartum depression symptoms","volume":"136","author":"Mehta","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1007\/s00737-011-0239-x","article-title":"Postpartum depressive symptoms and the BDNF Val66Met functional polymorphism: Effect of season of delivery","volume":"14","author":"Comasco","year":"2011","journal-title":"Arch. Womens Ment. Health"},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-005-0179-0","article-title":"Animal model of menopausal depressive-like state in female mice: Prolongation of immobility time in the forced swimming test following ovariectomy","volume":"183","author":"Bekku","year":"2005","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology"},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2020.10.052","article-title":"Associations between estrogen and progesterone, the kynurenine pathway, and inflammation in the post-partum","volume":"281","author":"Sha","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1038\/cmi.2015.65","article-title":"How regulatory T cells sense and adapt to inflammation","volume":"12","author":"Li","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2020.04.013","article-title":"A Novel Role of CD38 and Oxytocin as Tandem Molecular Moderators of Human Social Behavior","volume":"115","author":"Tolomeo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1111\/jmwh.12101","article-title":"Beyond Labor: The Role of Natural and Synthetic Oxytocin in the Transition to Motherhood","volume":"59","author":"Bell","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Midwifery Women\u2019s Health"},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.1111\/gbb.12069","article-title":"Genetic variation in oxytocin rs2740210 and early adversity associated with postpartum depression and breastfeeding duration","volume":"12","author":"Jonas","year":"2013","journal-title":"Genes. Brain Behav."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yfrne.2008.03.003","article-title":"Epigenetic mechanisms and the transgenerational effects of maternal care","volume":"29","author":"Champagne","year":"2008","journal-title":"Front. Neuroendocr. Neuroendocrinol."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3979","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-023-03313-y","article-title":"Risk Factors for Postpartum Depression Based on Genetic and Epigenetic Interactions","volume":"60","author":"Luo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mol. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2016.04.008","article-title":"Oxytocin receptor DNA methylation in postpartum depression","volume":"69","author":"Kimmel","year":"2016","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Devlin, A.M., Brain, U., Austin, J., and Oberlander, T.F. (2010). Prenatal exposure to maternal depressed mood and the MTHFR C677T variant affect SLC6A4 methylation in infants at birth. PLoS ONE, 5.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0012201"},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-0115(02)00105-2","article-title":"Hormone trajectories leading to human birth","volume":"108","author":"Smith","year":"2002","journal-title":"Regul. Pept."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1007\/s00737-006-0131-2","article-title":"The HPA axis and perinatal depression: A hypothesis","volume":"9","author":"Kammerer","year":"2006","journal-title":"Arch. Women\u2019s Ment. Health"},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1016\/j.npep.2013.10.007","article-title":"New insights into the role of perinatal HPA-axis dysregulation in postpartum depression","volume":"47","author":"Glynn","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neuropeptides"},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2016.11.040","article-title":"Dynamic changes in sleep pattern during post-partum in normal pregnancy in rat model","volume":"320","author":"Sivadas","year":"2017","journal-title":"Behav. Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.1515\/jpm-2019-0214","article-title":"Poor sleep quality is associated with perinatal depression. A systematic review of last decade scientific literature and meta-analysis","volume":"47","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Perinat. Med."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13135","DOI":"10.1111\/jsr.13135","article-title":"Effects of sleep modulation during pregnancy in the mother and offspring: Evidences from preclinical research","volume":"30","author":"Pires","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Sleep. Res."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105590","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2021.105590","article-title":"Animal models of postpartum depression revisited","volume":"136","author":"Mir","year":"2022","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/S0033-3182(98)71355-6","article-title":"Hormonal changes in the postpartum and implications for postpartum depression","volume":"39","author":"Hendrick","year":"1998","journal-title":"Psychosomatics"},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-4328(01)00170-X","article-title":"Estradiol alleviates depressive-like symptoms in a novel animal model of post-partum depression","volume":"122","author":"Galea","year":"2001","journal-title":"Behav. Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xia, B., Chen, C., Zhang, H., Xue, W., Tang, J., Tao, W., Wu, R., Ren, L., Wang, W., and Chen, G. (2016). Chronic stress prior to pregnancy potentiated long-lasting postpartum depressive-like behavior, regulated by Akt-mTOR signaling in the hippocampus. Sci. Rep., 6.","DOI":"10.1038\/srep35042"},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"769","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yhbeh.2010.07.012","article-title":"Chronic corticosterone during pregnancy and postpartum affects maternal care, cell proliferation and depressive-like behavior in the dam","volume":"58","author":"Brummelte","year":"2010","journal-title":"Horm. Behav."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1016\/S0306-4530(03)00025-8","article-title":"Gestational stress induces post-partum depression-like behaviour and alters maternal care in rats","volume":"29","author":"Smith","year":"2004","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-020-0704-2","article-title":"Chronic psychosocial stress during pregnancy affects maternal behavior and neuroendocrine function and modulates hypothalamic CRH and nuclear steroid receptor expression","volume":"10","author":"Zoubovsky","year":"2020","journal-title":"Transl. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.3109\/10253890.2011.605487","article-title":"Effects of chronic social stress during lactation on maternal behavior and growth in rats","volume":"14","author":"Nephew","year":"2011","journal-title":"Stress."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2006.10.004","article-title":"Repeated long separations from pups produce depression-like behavior in rat mothers","volume":"32","author":"Boccia","year":"2007","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"key":"ref_122","first-page":"229","article-title":"Modeling postpartum depression in rats: Theoretic and methodological issues","volume":"37","author":"Li","year":"2016","journal-title":"Dongwuxue Yanjiu"},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.irn.2019.11.007","article-title":"Effects of stress on the structure and function of the medial prefrontal cortex: Insights from animal models","volume":"150","author":"Wellman","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. Rev. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gorman-Sandler, E., Robertson, B., Crawford, J., Wood, G., Ramesh, A., Arishe, O.O., Webb, R.C., and Hollis, F. (2023). Gestational stress decreases postpartum mitochondrial respiration in the prefrontal cortex of female rats. Neurobiol. Stress., 26.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ynstr.2023.100563"},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"873","DOI":"10.1037\/rev0000374","article-title":"The medial prefrontal regulation of maternal behavior across postpartum: A triadic model","volume":"130","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Psychol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2017.09.037","article-title":"Activation of 5-HT(2A) receptor disrupts rat maternal behavior","volume":"128","author":"Gao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Leuner, B., Fredericks, P.J., Nealer, C., and Albin-Brooks, C. (2014). Chronic gestational stress leads to depressive-like behavior and compromises medial prefrontal cortex structure and function during the postpartum period. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0089912"},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"\u0160imi\u0107, G., Tkal\u010di\u0107, M., Vuki\u0107, V., Mulc, D., \u0160pani\u0107, E., \u0160agud, M., Olucha-Bordonau, F.E., Vuk\u0161i\u0107, M., and Hof, P.R. (2021). Understanding Emotions: Origins and Roles of the Amygdala. Biomolecules, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/biom11060823"},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2017.01.040","article-title":"Decrease in neuronal spine density in the postpartum period in the amygdala and bed nucleus of the stria terminalis in rat","volume":"641","author":"Matsuo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurosci. Lett."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"759","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euroneuro.2017.05.010","article-title":"Postpartum estrogen withdrawal impairs GABAergic inhibition and LTD induction in basolateral amygdala complex via down-regulation of GPR30","volume":"27","author":"Yang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. Neuropsychopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2021.07.017","article-title":"Allopregnanolone Mediates Affective Switching Through Modulation of Oscillatory States in the Basolateral Amygdala","volume":"91","author":"Antonoudiou","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"971","DOI":"10.1038\/nrd3295","article-title":"Translocator protein (18 kDa) (TSPO) as a therapeutic target for neurological and psychiatric disorders","volume":"9","author":"Rupprecht","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Drug Discov."},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1186\/s13041-018-0355-x","article-title":"Antidepressant-like effects of translocator protein (18 kDa) ligand ZBD-2 in mouse models of postpartum depression","volume":"11","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mol. Brain"},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2655","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2009.103","article-title":"Adult attachment predicts maternal brain and oxytocin response to infant cues","volume":"34","author":"Strathearn","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"907","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.2011.02406.x","article-title":"Breastfeeding, brain activation to own infant cry, and maternal sensitivity","volume":"52","author":"Kim","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Child. Psychol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(01)01284-7","article-title":"A potential role for thalamocingulate circuitry in human maternal behavior","volume":"51","author":"Lorberbaum","year":"2002","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.4458","article-title":"Pregnancy leads to long-lasting changes in human brain structure","volume":"20","author":"Hoekzema","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1080\/15622975.2017.1289240","article-title":"Neurobiology of depression: A neurodevelopmental approach","volume":"19","author":"Rupprecht","year":"2018","journal-title":"World J. Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3267","DOI":"10.1007\/s00429-018-1688-z","article-title":"Cortical thickness variation of the maternal brain in the first 6 months postpartum: Associations with parental self-efficacy","volume":"223","author":"Kim","year":"2018","journal-title":"Brain Struct. Funct."},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.1037\/a0020884","article-title":"The plasticity of human maternal brain: Longitudinal changes in brain anatomy during the early postpartum period","volume":"124","author":"Kim","year":"2010","journal-title":"Behav. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2020.12.014","article-title":"Reduced postpartum hippocampal volume is associated with positive mother-infant caregiving behavior","volume":"281","author":"Banihashemi","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2019.01.021","article-title":"Early and late effects of maternal experience on hippocampal neurogenesis, microglia, and the circulating cytokine milieu","volume":"78","author":"Eid","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Aging"},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2826.2010.01960.x","article-title":"Pregnancy decreases oestrogen receptor alpha expression and pyknosis, but not cell proliferation or survival, in the hippocampus","volume":"22","author":"Pawluski","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Neuroendocr. Neuroendocrinol."},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yhbeh.2008.02.023","article-title":"Adult hippocampal cell proliferation is suppressed with estrogen withdrawal after a hormone-simulated pregnancy","volume":"54","author":"Green","year":"2008","journal-title":"Horm. Behav."},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2012.09.059","article-title":"Pregnancy or stress decrease complexity of CA3 pyramidal neurons in the hippocampus of adult female rats","volume":"227","author":"Pawluski","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"959","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1190287","article-title":"mTOR-Dependent Synapse Formation Underlies the Rapid Antidepressant Effects of NMDA Antagonists","volume":"329","author":"Li","year":"2010","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_147","first-page":"382","article-title":"The Fibrinolytic System in Peripartum Depression","volume":"49","year":"2022","journal-title":"Semin. Thromb. Hemost."},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mcn.2018.02.009","article-title":"Gestational stress in mouse dams negatively affects gestation and postpartum hippocampal BDNF and P11 protein levels","volume":"88","author":"Vanmierlo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_149","first-page":"126","article-title":"Maternal Depression Model: Long-Lasting Effects on the Mother Following Separation from Pups","volume":"37","author":"Diehl","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neurochem. Res."},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-008-1200-1","article-title":"DETA\/NONOate, a nitric oxide donor, produces antidepressant effects by promoting hippocampal neurogenesis","volume":"200","author":"Hua","year":"2008","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology"},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2009.03.069","article-title":"Antidepressant-like effect of diphenyl diselenide on rats exposed to malathion: Involvement of Na+K+ ATPase activity","volume":"455","author":"Acker","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neurosci. Lett."},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-3223(94)00201-D","article-title":"The Na,K-ATPase hypothesis for bipolar illness","volume":"37","author":"Wyatt","year":"1995","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2017.01.013","article-title":"Brain neurotransmitters in an animal model with postpartum depressive-like behavior","volume":"326","author":"Avraham","year":"2017","journal-title":"Behav. Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"756","DOI":"10.1093\/scan\/nsab127","article-title":"Altered functional connectivity density and couplings in postpartum depression with and without anxiety","volume":"17","author":"Cheng","year":"2022","journal-title":"Soc. Social. Cogn. Affect. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"853","DOI":"10.1017\/S1092852900015595","article-title":"Neural dysfunction in postpartum depression: An fMRI pilot study","volume":"12","author":"Silverman","year":"2007","journal-title":"CNS Spectr."},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1605","DOI":"10.1093\/scan\/nsx087","article-title":"Postpartum depressive symptoms moderate the link between mothers\u2019 neural response to positive faces in reward and social regions and observed caregiving","volume":"12","author":"Morgan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Soc. Social. Cogn. Affect. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1007\/s00737-018-0926-y","article-title":"The maternal reward system in postpartum depression","volume":"22","author":"Post","year":"2018","journal-title":"Arch. Women\u2019s Ment. Health"},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Money, K.M., and Stanwood, G.D. (2013). Developmental origins of brain disorders: Roles for dopamine. Front. Cell. Neurosci., 7.","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2013.00260"},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00828","DOI":"10.1002\/brb3.828","article-title":"Perinatal western-type diet and associated gestational weight gain alter postpartum maternal mood","volume":"7","author":"Bolton","year":"2017","journal-title":"Brain Behav."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/25\/16\/8835\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T15:36:18Z","timestamp":1760110578000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/25\/16\/8835"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,14]]},"references-count":159,"journal-issue":{"issue":"16","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms25168835"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms25168835","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,14]]}}}