{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,23]],"date-time":"2026-07-23T21:30:36Z","timestamp":1784842236118,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":73,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,21]],"date-time":"2024-08-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1724198400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001711","name":"Swiss National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["310030_214897"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["310030_214897"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001711","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Fondazione Cariparma","award":["310030_214897"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["310030_214897"]}]},{"name":"University of Parma","award":["310030_214897"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["310030_214897"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Thiosemicarbazones and their metal complexes have been studied for their biological activities against bacteria, cancer cells and protozoa. Short-term in vitro treatment with one gold (III) complex (C3) and its salicyl-thiosemicarbazone ligand (C4) selectively inhibited proliferation of T. gondii. Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) detected transient structural alterations in the parasitophorous vacuole membrane and the tachyzoite cytoplasm, but the mitochondrial membrane potential appeared unaffected by these compounds. Proteins potentially interacting with C3 and C4 were identified using differential affinity chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (DAC-MS). Moreover, long-term in vitro treatment was performed to investigate parasitostatic or parasiticidal activity of the compounds. DAC-MS identified 50 ribosomal proteins binding both compounds, and continuous drug treatments for up to 6 days caused the loss of efficacy. Parasite tolerance to both compounds was, however, rapidly lost in their absence and regained shortly after re-exposure. Proteome analyses of six T. gondii ME49 clones adapted to C3 and C4 compared to the non-adapted wildtype revealed overexpression of ribosomal proteins, of two transmembrane proteins involved in exocytosis and of an alpha\/beta hydrolase fold domain-containing protein. Results suggest that C3 and C4 may interfere with protein biosynthesis and that adaptation may be associated with the upregulated expression of tachyzoite transmembrane proteins and transporters, suggesting that the in vitro drug tolerance in T. gondii might be due to reversible, non-drug specific stress-responses mediated by phenotypic plasticity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25169067","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,26]],"date-time":"2024-08-26T05:16:24Z","timestamp":1724649384000},"page":"9067","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Transient Adaptation of Toxoplasma gondii to Exposure by Thiosemicarbazone Drugs That Target Ribosomal Proteins Is Associated with the Upregulated Expression of Tachyzoite Transmembrane Proteins and Transporters"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0203-9908","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Manuela","family":"Semeraro","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine Sciences, University of Parma, Strada del Taglio 10, 43126 Parma, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ghalia","family":"Boubaker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Parasitology, Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, L\u00e4nggass-Strasse 122, 3012 Bern, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9232-8772","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mirco","family":"Scaccaglia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze, 11\/a, 43124 Parma, 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Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3768-2482","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marco","family":"Genchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine Sciences, University of Parma, Strada del Taglio 10, 43126 Parma, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7946-0602","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giorgio","family":"Pelosi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze, 11\/a, 43124 Parma, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9165-0356","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Franco","family":"Bisceglie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University 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