{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T18:23:06Z","timestamp":1792693386407,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":75,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,21]],"date-time":"2024-08-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1724198400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["31660468"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["31660468"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The average content of casein in yak milk is 40.2 g\/L. Casein can be degraded by enzymatic digestion or food processing to produce abundant degradation peptides. International researchers have studied the degradation peptides of yak milk casein by using multiple techniques and methods, such as in vitro activity tests, cellular experiments, proteomics, bioinformatics, etc., and found that the degradation peptides have a wide range of functional activities that are beneficial to the human body, such as angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, antimicrobial, anticancer, and immunomodulatory activities, etc., and it has been proved that the types and strengths of functional activities are closely related to the structural characteristics of the peptides. This paper describes the characteristics of yak milk proteins, the functional activities, and mechanism of action of degraded peptides. Based on the types of functional activities of yak milk casein degradation peptides, we classified and elucidated the effects of structural factors, such as peptide molecular weight, peptide length, amino acid sequence, physicochemical properties, electrical charge, hydrophobicity, spatial conformation, chain length, and the type of enzyme on these activities. It reveals the great potential of yak milk casein degradation peptides as functional active peptide resources and as auxiliary treatments for diseases. It also provides important insights for analyzing yak casein degradation peptide activity and exploring high-value utilization.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25169072","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,26]],"date-time":"2024-08-26T05:16:24Z","timestamp":1724649384000},"page":"9072","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Functional Peptides from Yak Milk Casein: Biological Activities and Structural Characteristics"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Wen","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Functional Dairy Products Engineering Laboratory of Gansu Province, College of Food Science and Engineering, Gansu Agricultural University, Anning District, Lanzhou 730070, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qi","family":"Liang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Functional Dairy Products Engineering Laboratory of Gansu Province, College of Food Science and Engineering, Gansu Agricultural University, Anning District, Lanzhou 730070, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Baotang","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Functional Dairy Products Engineering Laboratory of Gansu Province, College of Food Science and Engineering, Gansu Agricultural University, Anning District, Lanzhou 730070, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xuhui","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Functional Dairy Products Engineering Laboratory of Gansu Province, College of Food Science and Engineering, Gansu Agricultural University, Anning District, Lanzhou 730070, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xuemei","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Functional Dairy Products Engineering Laboratory of Gansu Province, College of Food Science and Engineering, Gansu Agricultural University, Anning District, Lanzhou 730070, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Daliri, E.B., Oh, D.H., and Lee, B.H. (2017). Bioactive Peptides. Foods, 6.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods6050032"},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"75","article-title":"A Study on Difference of Antibacterial Activity of Bitter Peptide from Yak Milk Hard Cheese Based on Computer Virtual Technology","volume":"40","author":"Yang","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Food Sci. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3924","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2019-17586","article-title":"Novel milk casein-derived peptides decrease cholesterol micellar solubility and cholesterol intestinal absorption in Caco-2 cells","volume":"103","author":"Jiang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8819","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.5b03062","article-title":"Isolation and Identification of Dipeptidyl Peptidase IV-Inhibitory Peptides from Trypsin\/Chymotrypsin-Treated Goat Milk Casein Hydrolysates by 2D-TLC and LC-MS\/MS","volume":"63","author":"Zhang","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3336","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(06)72370-0","article-title":"Bioactive peptides in ovine and caprine cheeselike systems prepared with proteases from Cynara cardunculus","volume":"89","author":"Silva","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fbio.2019.02.003","article-title":"Antioxidative and anti-inflammatory potential with trans-epithelial transport of a buffalo casein-derived hexapeptide (YFYPQL)","volume":"28","author":"Sowmya","year":"2019","journal-title":"Food Biosci."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2688","DOI":"10.1002\/jsfa.3394","article-title":"Angiotension-I-converting enzyme inhibitory peptide inskim milk fermented with Lactobacillus helveticus 130B4 from camel milk in Inner Mongolia, China","volume":"88","author":"Shuang","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Sci. Food Agric."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"884","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2009-2672","article-title":"Identification of angiotensin I-converting enzyme inhibitory peptides from koumiss, a traditional fermented mare\u2019s milk","volume":"93","author":"Chen","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"16","article-title":"Safety of milk-derived bioactive peptides","volume":"70","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Dairy Technol."},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"8","article-title":"Molecular Mechanism of ACE Inhibitory Activity Characterization of Yak Milk Cheese Bitter Peptide","volume":"22","author":"Yang","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Chin. Inst. Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105637","DOI":"10.1016\/j.idairyj.2023.105637","article-title":"Yak milk and milk products: Functional, bioactive constituents and therapeutic potential","volume":"142","author":"Singh","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. Dairy J."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, D.D., Zhou, Y.X., Zheng, X.P., Guo, J.H., Duan, H., Zhou, S.Q., and Yan, W.J. (2023). Yak Milk: Nutritional Value, Functional Activity, and Current Applications. Foods, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods12112090"},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"132","article-title":"Using molecular docking to investigate the alpha-amylase inhibitory activity of bitter peptides RK7 and KQ7 derived from yak cheese","volume":"44","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Food Sci."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Samtiya, M., Samtiya, S., Badgujar, P.C., Puniya, A.K., Dhewa, T., and Aluko, R.E. (2022). Health-Promoting and Therapeutic Attributes of Milk-Derived Bioactive Peptides. Nutrients, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14153001"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mahlapuu, M., H\u00e5kansson, J., Ringstad, L., and Bj\u00f6rn, C. (2016). Antimicrobial Peptides: An Emerging Category of Therapeutic Agents. Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol., 6.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2016.00194"},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"288","article-title":"Advances on the structure-activity relationship of bioactive peptides in cheese","volume":"47","author":"Yang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Food Ferment. Ind."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100919","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fochx.2023.100919","article-title":"Tibetan Plateau yak milk: A comprehensive review of nutritional values, health benefits, and processing technology","volume":"20","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Food Chem. X"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/87559129.2012.692137","article-title":"Bioactive Peptides of Buffalo, Camel, Goat, Sheep, Mare, and Yak Milks and Milk Products","volume":"29","year":"2013","journal-title":"Food Rev. Int."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4885","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms12084885","article-title":"The chemical composition and nitrogen distribution of Chinese yak (Maiwa) milk","volume":"12","author":"Li","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodcont.2014.01.045","article-title":"Consumption of raw or heated milk from different species: An evaluation of the nutritional and potential health benefits","volume":"42","author":"Claeys","year":"2014","journal-title":"Food Control"},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"6","article-title":"The influence of different parities and lactation monthson the nutrient contents of black yak milk from Gannan","volume":"46","author":"Ma","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Gansu Agric. Univ."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8308","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.0c03385","article-title":"Repertoire of Structure-Activity-Based Novel Modified Peptides Elicits Enhanced Osteogenic Potential","volume":"68","author":"Upadhyay","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107056","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodcont.2019.107056","article-title":"Camel milk whey hydrolysate inhibits growth and biofilm formation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1 and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus","volume":"111","author":"Romeih","year":"2020","journal-title":"Food Control"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1016\/S0955-2863(99)00083-2","article-title":"Isolation and characterization of free radical scavenging activities peptides derived from casein","volume":"11","author":"Suetsuna","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jff.2016.12.022","article-title":"Milk-derived tripeptides IPP (Ile-Pro-Pro) and VPP (Val-Pro-Pro) differentially modulate angiotensin II effects on vascular smooth muscle cells","volume":"30","author":"Chakrabarti","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Funct. Foods"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.1111\/1471-0307.12483","article-title":"Anti-inflammatory and anticancer activities of water-soluble peptide extracts of buffalo and cow milk Cheddar cheeses","volume":"71","author":"Rafiq","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Dairy Technol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105158","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jff.2022.105158","article-title":"Identification of antibacterial and immunomodulatory bioactive peptides generated from buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) colostrum whey fermented by Lactobacillus rhamnosus C25: LC-MS\/MS-based analysis","volume":"95","author":"Kashyap","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Funct. Foods"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procbio.2020.08.031","article-title":"ACE inhibitory peptide KYIPIQ derived from yak milk casein induces nitric oxide production in HUVECs and diffuses via a transcellular mechanism in Caco-2 monolayers","volume":"99","author":"Lin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Process Biochem."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"484","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2010.11.025","article-title":"Free-radical-scavenging and anti-inflammatory effect of yak milk casein before and after enzymatic hydrolysis","volume":"126","author":"Mao","year":"2011","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gu, H.F., Liang, L., Zhu, Z.W., and Mao, X.Y. (2022). Preparation and identification of anti-breast cancer cells peptides released from yak milk casein. Front. Nutr., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2022.997514"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.pharmtox.010909.105610","article-title":"Tissue renin-angiotensin-aldosterone systems: Targets for pharmacological therapy","volume":"50","author":"Bader","year":"2010","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Pharmacol. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1150","DOI":"10.1111\/1541-4337.12711","article-title":"Activity and bioavailability of food protein-derived angiotensin-I-converting enzyme-inhibitory peptides","volume":"20","author":"Xue","year":"2021","journal-title":"Comprehensive Rev. Food Sci. Food Saf."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1282","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2006.10.041","article-title":"Value-added utilization of yak milk casein for the production of angiotensin-I-converting enzyme inhibitory peptides","volume":"103","author":"Mao","year":"2007","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022029906002056","article-title":"Yak milk casein as a functional ingredient: Preparation and identification of angiotensin-I-converting enzyme inhibitory peptides","volume":"74","author":"Jiang","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Dairy Res."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100231","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fochx.2022.100231","article-title":"Characterization of ACE inhibitory and antioxidant peptides in yak and cow milk hard chhurpi cheese of the Sikkim Himalayan region","volume":"13","author":"Abedin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Food Chem. X"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jff.2017.03.008","article-title":"Novel angiotensin I-converting enzyme inhibitory peptides from protease hydrolysates of Qula casein: Quantitative structure-activity relationship modeling and molecular docking study","volume":"32","author":"Lin","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Funct. Foods"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3221","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.8b00313","article-title":"Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationship Modeling Coupled with Molecular Docking Analysis in Screening of Angiotensin I-Converting Enzyme Inhibitory Peptides from Qula Casein Hydrolysates Obtained by Two-Enzyme Combination Hydrolysis","volume":"66","author":"Lin","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2018.02.051","article-title":"Yak milk casein as potential precursor of angiotensin I-converting enzyme inhibitory peptides based on in silico proteolysis","volume":"15","author":"Lin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2005.01.052","article-title":"Purification and identification of angiotensin I-converting enzyme inhibitory peptide from buckwheat","volume":"96","author":"Ma","year":"2006","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, X.Y., Feng, C.S., Hong, H., Zhang, Y., Luo, Z.G., Wang, Q.Y., Luo, Y.K., and Tian, Y.Q. (2022). Novel ACE inhibitory peptides derived from whey protein hydrolysates: Identification and molecular docking analysis. Food Biosci., 48.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fbio.2022.101737"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111135","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lwt.2021.111135","article-title":"Pepsin generated camel whey protein hydrolysates with potential antihypertensive properties: Identification and molecular docking of antihypertensive peptides","volume":"143","author":"Baba","year":"2021","journal-title":"LWT Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chamata, Y., Watson, K.A., and Jauregi, P. (2020). Whey-Derived Peptides Interactions with ACE by Molecular Docking as a Potential Predictive Tool of Natural ACE Inhibitors. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21030864"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ji, M.Y., Gong, X., Li, X., Wang, C.C., and Li, M.H. (2020). Advanced Research on the Antioxidant Activity and Mechanism of Polyphenols from Hippophae Species\u2014A Review. Molecules, 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules25040917"},{"key":"ref_44","first-page":"40","article-title":"Antioxidant Activity and Mechanism of Yak Milk Hard Cheese Bitter Peptide RK7","volume":"22","author":"Yang","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Chin. Inst. Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9426314","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/9426314","article-title":"Peptides Isolated from Yak Milk Residue Exert Antioxidant Effects through Nrf2 Signal Pathway","volume":"31","author":"Yang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Oxidative Med. Cell. Longev."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19844","DOI":"10.1039\/D0RA02644A","article-title":"Isolation of antioxidant peptides from yak casein hydrolysate","volume":"10","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"ref_47","first-page":"142","article-title":"Protective effect of yak casein antioxidant peptide on oxidative stress injury in HEK293 cells","volume":"44","author":"Wu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Food Sci."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Qin, D.D., Yang, F.Y., Hu, Z.M., Liu, J.L., Wu, Q., Luo, Y., Yang, L.F., Han, S.A., and Luo, F.J. (2021). Peptide T8 isolated from yak milk residue ameliorates H2O2-induced oxidative stress through Nrf2 signaling pathway in HUVEC cells. Food Biosci., 44.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fbio.2021.101408"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12021","DOI":"10.1039\/D2FO02131E","article-title":"Neuroprotective effects of fermented yak milk-derived peptide LYLKPR on H2O2-injured HT-22 cells","volume":"13","author":"Jiang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aninu.2018.05.004","article-title":"Potential antioxidant bioactive peptides from camel milk proteins","volume":"4","author":"Ibrahim","year":"2018","journal-title":"Anim. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111339","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2022.111339","article-title":"Antioxidant peptides derived from hydrolyzed milk proteins by Lactobacillus strains: A BIOPEP-UWM database-based analysis","volume":"156","author":"Cui","year":"2022","journal-title":"Food Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tonolo, F., Fiorese, F., Moretto, L., Folda, A., Scalcon, V., Grinzato, A., Ferro, S., Arrigoni, G., Bindoli, A., and Feller, E. (2020). Identification of New Peptides from Fermented Milk Showing Antioxidant Properties: Mechanism of Action. Antioxidants, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox9020117"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cao, J.Y., Dong, Q., Wang, Z.Y., Mei, L.J., Tao, Y.D., and Yu, R.T. (2022). Three Pairs of Novel Enantiomeric 8-O-4\u2032 Type Neolignans from Saussurea medusa and Their Anti-inflammatory Effects In Vitro. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms232214062"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jff.2015.07.016","article-title":"GPETAFLR: A new anti-inflammatory peptide from Lupinus angustifolius L. protein hydrolysate","volume":"18","author":"Pedroche","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Funct. Foods"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bamdad, F., Bark, S., Kwon, C.H., Suh, J.W., and Sunwoo, H. (2017). Anti-Inflammatory and Antioxidant Properties of Peptides Released from \u03b2-Lactoglobulin by High Hydrostatic Pressure-Assisted Enzymatic Hydrolysis. Molecules, 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules22060949"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136804","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2023.136804","article-title":"Anti-inflammatory effect of two novel peptides derived from Binglangjiang buffalo whey protein in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated RAW264.7 macrophages","volume":"429","author":"Zhao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"\u0106orkovi\u0107, I., Ga\u0161o-Soka\u010d, D., Pichler, A., \u0160imunovi\u0107, J., and Kopjar, M. (2022). Dietary Polyphenols as Natural Inhibitors of \u03b1-Amylase and \u03b1-Glucosidase. Life, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/life12111692"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"839","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2015.07.046","article-title":"Hard-to-cook bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) proteins hydrolyzed by alcalase and bromelain produced bioactive peptide fractions that inhibit targets of type-2 diabetes and oxidative stress","volume":"76","year":"2015","journal-title":"Food Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.1039\/C5FO01204J","article-title":"Optimization of enzymatic production of anti-diabetic peptides from black bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) proteins, their characterization and biological potential","volume":"7","author":"Mojica","year":"2016","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2633","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2023-24118","article-title":"Molecular docking studies on \u03b1-amylase inhibitory peptides from milk of different farm animals","volume":"107","author":"Mudgil","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1111\/dom.13564","article-title":"Evaluation of the long-term cost-effectiveness of once-weekly semaglutide versus dulaglutide for treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus in the UK","volume":"21","author":"Viljoen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Diabetes Obes. Metab."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yan, Y.H., Li, Y.Z., Zhang, Z.W., Wang, X.H., Niu, Y.Z., Zhang, S.H., Xu, W.L., and Ren, C.G. (2021). Advances of peptides for antibacterial applications. Colloids Surf. B Biointerfaces, 202.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2021.111682"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1186\/s13568-017-0497-8","article-title":"Antimicrobial peptides sourced from post-butter processing waste yak milk protein hydrolysates","volume":"7","author":"Pei","year":"2017","journal-title":"AMB Express"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/j.idairyj.2012.12.004","article-title":"Antibacterial effect and hydrophobicity of yak \u03ba-casein hydrolysate and its fractions","volume":"31","author":"Cheng","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. Dairy J."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3779","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2022-22823","article-title":"Identification and molecular mechanism of action of antibacterial peptides from Flavourzyme-hydrolyzed yak casein against Staphylococcus aureus","volume":"106","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2994","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.06327-11","article-title":"Strand length-dependent antimicrobial activity and membrane-active mechanism of arginine- and valine-rich \u03b2-hairpin-like antimicrobial peptides","volume":"56","author":"Dong","year":"2012","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137075","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2023.137075","article-title":"Shotgun proteomics and molecular simulations on multifunctional bioactive peptides derived from the whey of unexplored \u201cGaddi\u201d goat of Himalayas","volume":"430","author":"Singh","year":"2024","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Iram, D., Kindarle, U.A., Sansi, M.S., Meena, S., Puniya, A.K., and Vij, S. (2022). Peptidomics-based identification of an antimicrobial peptide derived from goat milk fermented by Lactobacillus rhamnosus (C25). J. Food Biochem., 46.","DOI":"10.1111\/jfbc.14450"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Deng, H.L., Liu, J., Xiao, Y., Wu, J.L., and Jiao, R. (2023). Possible Mechanisms of Dark Tea in Cancer Prevention and Management: A Comprehensive Review. Nutrients, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15183903"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Murali, C., Mudgil, P., Gan, C.Y., Tarazi, H., El-Awady, R., Abdalla, Y., Amin, A., and Maqsood, S. (2021). Camel whey protein hydrolysates induced G2\/M cellcycle arrest in human colorectal carcinoma. Sci. Rep., 11.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-86391-z"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1016\/S0091-6749(96)70245-2","article-title":"Suppression of lymphocyte proliferation in vitro by bovine caseins hydrolyzed with Lactobacillus casein GG-derived enzymes","volume":"98","author":"Soppi","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"638","DOI":"10.1021\/jf062452m","article-title":"Effect of yak milk casein hydrolysate on TH1\/TH2 cytokines production by murine spleen lymphocytes in vitro","volume":"55","author":"Mao","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1745-4514.2007.00113.x","article-title":"Comparison of the lymphoproliferation activity of yak milk casein hydrolysates hydrolyzed by microbial-derived and animal-derived proteinase","volume":"31","author":"Mao","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Food Biochem."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1705","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2621.2011.02672.x","article-title":"Preparation and characteristics of yak casein hydrolysate\u2013iron complex","volume":"46","author":"Wan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3631","DOI":"10.1002\/jsfa.7697","article-title":"Food-derived immunomodulatory peptides","volume":"96","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Sci. Food Agric."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/25\/16\/9072\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T15:40:32Z","timestamp":1760110832000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/25\/16\/9072"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,21]]},"references-count":75,"journal-issue":{"issue":"16","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms25169072"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms25169072","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,21]]}}}