{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,24]],"date-time":"2026-10-24T01:20:33Z","timestamp":1792804833069,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":143,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,22]],"date-time":"2024-08-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1724284800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"NIH Director\u2019s New Innovator Grant","award":["DP2DK139544"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DP2DK139544"]}]},{"name":"Whitehead Scholarship in Biomedical Research","award":["DP2DK139544"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DP2DK139544"]}]},{"name":"graduate research fellowship from the International Foundation for Ethical Research (IFER)","award":["DP2DK139544"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DP2DK139544"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02by3t490","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Predoctoral Fellowship from the North Carolina Kidney, Urology, and Hematology Training Research Innovation Outreach (NC KUH TRIO) Program","award":["DP2DK139544"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DP2DK139544"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In the human body, the vascular system plays an indispensable role in maintaining homeostasis by supplying oxygen and nutrients to cells and organs and facilitating the removal of metabolic waste and toxins. Blood vessels\u2014the key constituents of the vascular system\u2014are composed of a layer of endothelial cells on their luminal surface. In most organs, tightly packed endothelial cells serve as a barrier separating blood and lymph from surrounding tissues. Intriguingly, endothelial cells in some tissues and organs (e.g., choroid plexus, liver sinusoids, small intestines, and kidney glomerulus) form transcellular pores called fenestrations that facilitate molecular and ionic transport across the vasculature and mediate immune responses through leukocyte transmigration. However, the development and unique functions of endothelial cell fenestrations across organs are yet to be fully uncovered. This review article provides an overview of fenestrated endothelial cells in multiple organs. We describe their development and organ-specific roles, with expanded discussions on their contributions to glomerular health and disease. We extend these discussions to highlight the dynamic changes in endothelial cell fenestrations in diabetic nephropathy, focal segmental glomerulosclerosis, Alport syndrome, and preeclampsia, and how these unique cellular features could be targeted for therapeutic development. Finally, we discuss emerging technologies for in vitro modeling of biological systems, and their relevance for advancing the current understanding of endothelial cell fenestrations in health and disease.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25169107","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,26]],"date-time":"2024-08-26T05:16:24Z","timestamp":1724649384000},"page":"9107","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Fenestrated Endothelial Cells across Organs: Insights into Kidney Function and Disease"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4258-672X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xingrui","family":"Mou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pratt School of Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-0118-280X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sophia M.","family":"Leeman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pratt School of Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA"},{"name":"Department of Computer Science, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4495-790X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yasmin","family":"Roye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pratt School of Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carmen","family":"Miller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9432-6789","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Samira","family":"Musah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pratt School of Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA"},{"name":"Center for Biomolecular and Tissue Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA"},{"name":"Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA"},{"name":"Department of Cell Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA"},{"name":"Faculty of the Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Program, Duke Regeneration Center, Duke MEDx Initiative, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1038\/nature17040","article-title":"Angiocrine functions of organ-specific endothelial cells","volume":"529","author":"Rafii","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2018.05.003","article-title":"Human organ-specific endothelial cell heterogeneity","volume":"4","author":"Marcu","year":"2018","journal-title":"IScience"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"764","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.01.015","article-title":"Single-cell transcriptome atlas of murine endothelial cells","volume":"180","author":"Kalucka","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eaal2379","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aal2379","article-title":"Organotypic vasculature: From descriptive heterogeneity to functional pathophysiology","volume":"357","author":"Augustin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1038\/s41575-020-00411-3","article-title":"Role of liver sinusoidal endothelial cells in liver diseases","volume":"18","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"F947","DOI":"10.1152\/ajprenal.90601.2008","article-title":"Glomerular endothelial cell fenestrations: An integral component of the glomerular filtration barrier","volume":"296","author":"Satchell","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol.-Ren. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1007\/s12551-020-00699-0","article-title":"Biophysical nanocharacterization of liver sinusoidal endothelial cells through atomic force microscopy","volume":"12","author":"Zapotoczny","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biophys. Rev."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"F465","DOI":"10.1152\/ajprenal.00036.2023","article-title":"The unique structural and functional characteristics of glomerular endothelial cell fenestrations and their potential as a therapeutic target in kidney disease","volume":"325","author":"Finch","year":"2023","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol.-Ren. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cogger, V.C., Roessner, U., Warren, A., Fraser, R., and Le Couteur, D.G. (2013). A Sieve-Raft Hypothesis for the regulation of endothelial fenestrations. Comput. Struct. Biotechnol. J., 8.","DOI":"10.5936\/csbj.201308003"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abc6108","article-title":"Identification of a choroid plexus vascular barrier closing during intestinal inflammation","volume":"374","author":"Carloni","year":"2021","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1582-4934.2007.00075.x","article-title":"Endothelial stomatal and fenestral diaphragms in normal vessels and angiogenesis","volume":"11","author":"Stan","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Cell. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hennigs, J.K., Matuszcak, C., Trepel, M., and K\u00f6rbelin, J. (2021). Vascular endothelial cells: Heterogeneity and targeting approaches. Cells, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells10102712"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114323","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addr.2022.114323","article-title":"Organ-specific endothelial cell heterogenicity and its impact on regenerative medicine and biomedical engineering applications","volume":"186","author":"Urbanczyk","year":"2022","journal-title":"Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"816","DOI":"10.1038\/s41580-023-00631-w","article-title":"Biology and therapeutic targeting of vascular endothelial growth factor A","volume":"24","author":"Ferrara","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"947","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.140.4.947","article-title":"Vascular endothelial growth factor induces endothelial fenestrations in vitro","volume":"140","author":"Esser","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.114.2.521","article-title":"Expression of vascular endothelial growth factor during embryonic angiogenesis and endothelial cell differentiation","volume":"114","author":"Breier","year":"1992","journal-title":"Development"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2369","DOI":"10.1242\/jcs.108.6.2369","article-title":"Increased microvascular permeability and endothelial fenestration induced by vascular endothelial growth factor","volume":"108","author":"Roberts","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Cell Sci."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1165\/rcmb.2020-0294ED","article-title":"PV1: Gatekeeper of endothelial permeability","volume":"63","author":"Zhao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"466","article-title":"Plasmalemmal vesicle-associated protein (PLVAP) is expressed by tumour endothelium and is upregulated by vascular endothelial growth factor-A (VEGF)","volume":"206","author":"Strickland","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Pathol. A J. Pathol. Soc. Great Br. Irel."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"735","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.85.3.735","article-title":"Assembly of the glomerular filtration surface. Differentiation of anionic sites in glomerular capillaries of newborn rat kidney","volume":"85","author":"Reeves","year":"1980","journal-title":"J. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1532","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000055324.34758.32","article-title":"Small GTP-binding protein Rac is an essential mediator of vascular endothelial growth factor-induced endothelial fenestrations and vascular permeability","volume":"107","author":"Eriksson","year":"2003","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1324","DOI":"10.1128\/MCB.17.3.1324","article-title":"Rac regulation of transformation, gene expression, and actin organization by multiple, PAK-independent pathways","volume":"17","author":"Westwick","year":"1997","journal-title":"Mol. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"913","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.138.4.913","article-title":"Role of Actin Polymerization and Adhesion to Extracellular Matrix in Rac- and Rho-induced Cytoskeletal Reorganization","volume":"138","author":"Machesky","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1007\/s00441-022-03685-y","article-title":"Regulation of fenestra formation via actin-dynamin2 interaction in rat pituitary endothelial cells","volume":"390","author":"Nakakura","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell Tissue Res."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1463","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2007101138","article-title":"Glomerular endothelial cells form diaphragms during development and pathologic conditions","volume":"19","author":"Ichimura","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wu, J. (2021). The enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect: The significance of the concept and methods to enhance its application. J. Pers. Med., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm11080771"},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"Grumezescu, A.M. (2017). Chapter 9\u2013Application Potential of Engineered Liposomes in Tumor Targeting. Multifunctional Systems for Combined Delivery, Biosensing and Diagnostics, Elsevier."},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"765","article-title":"Neovasculature induced by vascular endothelial growth factor is fenestrated","volume":"57","author":"Roberts","year":"1997","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"664","DOI":"10.1161\/01.RES.0000118600.91698.BB","article-title":"Comparative evaluation of FGF-2\u2013, VEGF-A\u2013, and VEGF-C\u2013induced angiogenesis, lymphangiogenesis, vascular fenestrations, and permeability","volume":"94","author":"Cao","year":"2004","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"1592","article-title":"Tumor-derived expression of vascular endothelial growth factor is a critical factor in tumor expansion and vascular function","volume":"59","author":"Grunstein","year":"1999","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114614","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addr.2022.114614","article-title":"The tumor EPR effect for cancer drug delivery: Current status, limitations, and alternatives","volume":"191","author":"Sun","year":"2022","journal-title":"Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Maeda, H. (2021). The 35th anniversary of the discovery of EPR effect: A new wave of nanomedicines for tumor-targeted drug delivery\u2014Personal remarks and future prospects. J. Pers. Med., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm11030229"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175586","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2023.175586","article-title":"The role of VEGF in cancer-induced angiogenesis and research progress of drugs targeting VEGF","volume":"949","author":"Ghalehbandi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"G144","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.00179.2018","article-title":"Manipulating fenestrations in young and old liver sinusoidal endothelial cells","volume":"316","author":"Hunt","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol.-Gastrointest. Liver Physiol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1120","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2021030294","article-title":"Reduced Glomerular Filtration in Diabetes Is Attributable to Loss of Density and Increased Resistance of Glomerular Endothelial Cell Fenestrations","volume":"33","author":"Finch","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1186\/s12987-020-00230-3","article-title":"A blood\u2013brain barrier overview on structure, function, impairment, and biomarkers of integrity","volume":"17","author":"Kadry","year":"2020","journal-title":"Fluids Barriers CNS"},{"key":"ref_37","unstructured":"Javed, K., Reddy, V., and Lui, F. (2019). Neuroanatomy, Choroid Plexus, StatPearls."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-5728(02)00172-8","article-title":"Role of genetic background in P selectin-dependent immune surveillance of the central nervous system","volume":"129","author":"Carrithers","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Neuroimmunol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e64295","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.64295","article-title":"Endothelial cell-type-specific molecular requirements for angiogenesis drive fenestrated vessel development in the brain","volume":"10","author":"Parab","year":"2021","journal-title":"Elife"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"H560","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.00133.2005","article-title":"VEGF-dependent plasticity of fenestrated capillaries in the normal adult microvasculature","volume":"290","author":"Kamba","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol.-Heart Circ. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3983","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-31571-2","article-title":"ADAMTS18+ villus tip telocytes maintain a polarized VEGFA signaling domain and fenestrations in nutrient-absorbing intestinal blood vessels","volume":"13","author":"Mauri","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"869","DOI":"10.1007\/s00281-022-00955-3","article-title":"Unveiling the gut-brain axis: Structural and functional analogies between the gut and the choroid plexus vascular and immune barriers","volume":"44","author":"Carloni","year":"2022","journal-title":"Proc. Semin. Immunopathol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Al-Ghadban, S., Kaissi, S., Homaidan, F.R., Naim, H.Y., and El-Sabban, M.E. (2016). Cross-talk between intestinal epithelial cells and immune cells in inflammatory bowel disease. Sci. Rep., 6.","DOI":"10.1038\/srep29783"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"830","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aad0135","article-title":"A gut-vascular barrier controls the systemic dissemination of bacteria","volume":"350","author":"Spadoni","year":"2015","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lorente, S., Hautefeuille, M., and Sanchez-Cedillo, A. (2020). The liver, a functionalized vascular structure. Sci. Rep., 10.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-73208-8"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5320(70)90150-4","article-title":"An electron microscopic study of the fenestrated endothelial lining of rat liver sinusoids","volume":"31","author":"Wisse","year":"1970","journal-title":"J. Ultrastruct. Res."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2253","DOI":"10.1515\/nanoph-2021-0818","article-title":"From fixed-dried to wet-fixed to live\u2013comparative super-resolution microscopy of liver sinusoidal endothelial cell fenestrations","volume":"11","author":"Szafranska","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nanophotonics"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Strauss, O., Phillips, A., Ruggiero, K., Bartlett, A., and Dunbar, P.R. (2017). Immunofluorescence identifies distinct subsets of endothelial cells in the human liver. Sci. Rep., 7.","DOI":"10.1038\/srep44356"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1127","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2019-318843","article-title":"Albumin in decompensated cirrhosis: New concepts and perspectives","volume":"69","author":"Bernardi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1038\/s41575-018-0020-y","article-title":"Liver sinusoidal endothelial cells\u2014gatekeepers of hepatic immunity","volume":"15","author":"Shetty","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.26016","article-title":"Monocyte subsets in human liver disease show distinct phenotypic and functional characteristics","volume":"57","author":"Liaskou","year":"2013","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.28285","article-title":"Bidirectional transendothelial migration of monocytes across hepatic sinusoidal endothelium shapes monocyte differentiation and regulates the balance between immunity and tolerance in liver","volume":"63","author":"Zimmermann","year":"2016","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Baiocchini, A., Del Nonno, F., Taibi, C., Visco-Comandini, U., D\u2019Offizi, G., Piacentini, M., and Falasca, L. (2019). Liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSECs) modifications in patients with chronic hepatitis C. Sci. Rep., 9.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-45114-1"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Szafranska, K., Kruse, L.D., Holte, C.F., McCourt, P., and Zapotoczny, B. (2021). The wHole story about fenestrations in LSEC. Front. Physiol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2021.735573"},{"key":"ref_55","first-page":"278","article-title":"The effects of metformin on age-related changes in the liver sinusoidal endothelial cell","volume":"75","author":"Hunt","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Gerontol. Ser. A"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.118.313237","article-title":"Emerging roles of vascular endothelium in metabolic homeostasis","volume":"123","author":"Pi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1053\/jhep.2001.22754","article-title":"Pseudocapillarization and associated energy limitation in the aged rat liver","volume":"33","author":"Cogger","year":"2001","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/glr118","article-title":"Drug metabolism in older people\u2014A key consideration in achieving optimal outcomes with medicines","volume":"67","author":"McLachlan","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Gerontol. Ser. A Biomed. Sci. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"794","DOI":"10.1124\/dmd.32.8.794","article-title":"The hepatic pharmacokinetics of doxorubicin and liposomal doxorubicin","volume":"32","author":"Hilmer","year":"2004","journal-title":"Drug Metab. Dispos."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1038\/nature13145","article-title":"Coupling of angiogenesis and osteogenesis by a specific vessel subtype in bone","volume":"507","author":"Kusumbe","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1804","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2017.01.042","article-title":"Flow dynamics and HSPC homing in bone marrow microvessels","volume":"18","author":"Bixel","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6963","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-27161-3","article-title":"Bone marrow sinusoidal endothelium controls terminal erythroid differentiation and reticulocyte maturation","volume":"12","author":"Heil","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1038\/s44161-021-00002-8","article-title":"Bone marrow endothelial dysfunction promotes myeloid cell expansion in cardiovascular disease","volume":"1","author":"Rohde","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Cardiovasc. Res."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Campbell, M., and Humphries, P. (2013). The blood-retina barrier: Tight junctions and barrier modulation. Biology and Regulation of Blood-Tissue Barriers, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4614-4711-5_3"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-vision-100820-085958","article-title":"The essential role of the choriocapillaris in vision: Novel insights from imaging and molecular biology","volume":"8","author":"Mulfaul","year":"2022","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2019.11.085","article-title":"Retinal VEGFA maintains the ultrastructure and function of choriocapillaris by preserving the endothelial PLVAP","volume":"522","author":"Kim","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109598","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2023.109598","article-title":"Downregulation of VEGF in the retinal pigment epithelium followed by choriocapillaris atrophy after NaIO3 treatment in mice","volume":"234","author":"Iwagawa","year":"2023","journal-title":"Exp. Eye Res."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2348","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.03-1337","article-title":"Ultrastructural Aging of the RPE\u2013Bruch\u2019s Membrane\u2013Choriocapillaris Complex in the d-Galactose\u2013Treated Mouse","volume":"45","author":"Ida","year":"2004","journal-title":"Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1007\/s10456-018-9599-4","article-title":"Glomerular endothelial cell maturation depends on ADAM10, a key regulator of Notch signaling","volume":"21","author":"Farber","year":"2018","journal-title":"Angiogenesis"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5705","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-12872-5","article-title":"Molecular determinants of nephron vascular specialization in the kidney","volume":"10","author":"Barry","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"George, M., Rainey, M.A., Naramura, M., Foster, K.W., Holzapfel, M.S., Willoughby, L.L., Ying, G., Goswami, R.M., Gurumurthy, C.B., and Band, V. (2011). Renal thrombotic microangiopathy in mice with combined deletion of endocytic recycling regulators EHD3 and EHD4. PLoS ONE, 6.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0017838"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"F945","DOI":"10.1152\/ajprenal.00353.2016","article-title":"Both CLIC4 and CLIC5A activate ERM proteins in glomerular endothelium","volume":"311","author":"Tavasoli","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol.-Ren. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"949","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.2012.258","article-title":"The glomerular endothelium emerges as a key player in diabetic nephropathy","volume":"82","author":"Satchell","year":"2012","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00055.2006","article-title":"Properties of the glomerular barrier and mechanisms of proteinuria","volume":"88","author":"Haraldsson","year":"2008","journal-title":"Physiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"749010","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/749010","article-title":"The glomerular filtration barrier: Components and crosstalk","volume":"2012","author":"Menon","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gaupp, C., Schmid, B., Tripal, P., Edwards, A., Daniel, C., Zimmermann, S., Goppelt-Struebe, M., Willam, C., Rosen, S., and Schley, G. (2023). Reconfiguration and loss of peritubular capillaries in chronic kidney disease. Sci. Rep., 13.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-46146-4"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kida, Y. (2020). Peritubular capillary rarefaction: An underappreciated regulator of CKD progression. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21218255"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Locatelli, M., Rottoli, D., Mahmoud, R., Abbate, M., Corna, D., Cerullo, D., Tomasoni, S., Remuzzi, G., Zoja, C., and Benigni, A. (2023). Endothelial Glycocalyx of Peritubular Capillaries in Experimental Diabetic Nephropathy: A Target of ACE Inhibitor-Induced Kidney Microvascular Protection. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms242216543"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2370","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2015070747","article-title":"A novel three\u2013dimensional human peritubular microvascular system","volume":"27","author":"Ligresti","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mart\u00ednez-Salgado, C., S\u00e1nchez-Juanes, F., L\u00f3pez-Hern\u00e1ndez, F.J., and Mu\u00f1oz-F\u00e9lix, J.M. (2022). Endothelial activin receptor-like kinase 1 (ALK1) regulates myofibroblast emergence and peritubular capillary stability in the early stages of kidney fibrosis. Front. Pharmacol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2022.843732"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, Y., Shi, C., Yang, Y., Hu, X., Ni, H., Li, L., Cheng, Z., Huang, J., and Chen, P. (2023). Identifying key genes related to the peritubular capillary rarefaction in renal interstitial fibrosis by bioinformatics. Sci. Rep., 13.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-46934-y"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"648","DOI":"10.34067\/KID.0000000000000116","article-title":"Clinical relevance of computationally derived attributes of peritubular capillaries from kidney biopsies","volume":"4","author":"Chen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Kidney360"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Noronha, I.L., Santa-Catharina, G.P., Andrade, L., Coelho, V.A., Jacob-Filho, W., and Elias, R.M. (2022). Glomerular filtration in the aging population. Front. Med., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2022.769329"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lv, J.-C., and Zhang, L.-X. (2019). Prevalence and disease burden of chronic kidney disease. Renal Fibrosis: Mechanisms and Therapies, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-13-8871-2_1"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pop.2020.08.001","article-title":"Chronic kidney disease","volume":"47","author":"Charles","year":"2020","journal-title":"Prim. Care Clin. Off. Pract."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2052","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)31694-5","article-title":"Forecasting life expectancy, years of life lost, and all-cause and cause-specific mortality for 250 causes of death: Reference and alternative scenarios for 2016\u201340 for 195 countries and territories","volume":"392","author":"Foreman","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kisu.2021.11.003","article-title":"Epidemiology of chronic kidney disease: An update 2022","volume":"12","author":"Kovesdy","year":"2022","journal-title":"Kidney Int. Suppl."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"786","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)00519-5","article-title":"Chronic kidney disease","volume":"398","author":"Jafar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sun, Y.B., Qu, X., Zhang, X., Caruana, G., Bertram, J.F., and Li, J. (2013). Glomerular endothelial cell injury and damage precedes that of podocytes in adriamycin-induced nephropathy. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0055027"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sol, M., Kamps, J.A., van den Born, J., van den Heuvel, M.C., van der Vlag, J., Krenning, G., and Hillebrands, J.-L. (2020). Glomerular endothelial cells as instigators of glomerular sclerotic diseases. Front. Pharmacol., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2020.573557"},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Samsu, N. (2021). Diabetic nephropathy: Challenges in pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment. BioMed Res. Int., 2021.","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/1497449"},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1111\/dom.14007","article-title":"An updated overview of diabetic nephropathy: Diagnosis, prognosis, treatment goals and latest guidelines","volume":"22","author":"Selby","year":"2020","journal-title":"Diabetes Obes. Metab."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sagoo, M.K., and Gnudi, L. (2020). Diabetic nephropathy: An overview. Diabetic Nephropathy: Methods and Protocols, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4939-9841-8_1"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.2337\/cd21-0090","article-title":"Protecting the kidneys: Update on therapies to treat diabetic nephropathy","volume":"40","author":"Davis","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin. Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"700","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.06080616","article-title":"SGLT2 inhibition in the diabetic kidney\u2014From mechanisms to clinical outcome","volume":"12","author":"Muskiet","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"468","DOI":"10.1002\/path.5862","article-title":"Empagliflozin protects glomerular endothelial cell architecture in experimental diabetes through the VEGF-A\/caveolin-1\/PV-1 signaling pathway","volume":"256","author":"Locatelli","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2155","DOI":"10.2337\/db07-0019","article-title":"Podocyte detachment and reduced glomerular capillary endothelial fenestration in human type 1 diabetic nephropathy","volume":"56","author":"Toyoda","year":"2007","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1010","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.2012.234","article-title":"Podocyte detachment and reduced glomerular capillary endothelial fenestration promote kidney disease in type 2 diabetic nephropathy","volume":"82","author":"Weil","year":"2012","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.2337\/db18-0045","article-title":"VEGFC Reduces Glomerular Albumin Permeability and Protects Against Alterations in VEGF Receptor Expression in Diabetic Nephropathy","volume":"68","author":"Onions","year":"2019","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneph.2014.216","article-title":"Causes and pathogenesis of focal segmental glomerulosclerosis","volume":"11","author":"Fogo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"gfab078-0023","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfab078.0023","article-title":"MO087 Plasmalemmal Vesicle-Associated Protein-1 (Plvap) Indicates the Formation of Diaphragm-Bridged Fenestrations of Glomerular Endothelial Cells in Kidney Disease","volume":"36","author":"Tampe","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nephrol. Dial. Transplant."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1229","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ekir.2022.03.007","article-title":"Diverse alterations of glomerular capillary networks in focal segmental glomerular sclerosis","volume":"7","author":"Morita","year":"2022","journal-title":"Kidney Int. Rep."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1758","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ekir.2021.05.013","article-title":"Clues to Glomerular Cell Chatter in Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis: Via Endothelin-1\/ETAR","volume":"6","author":"Daehn","year":"2021","journal-title":"Kidney Int. Rep."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneph.2012.259","article-title":"Alport syndrome\u2014Insights from basic and clinical research","volume":"9","author":"Kruegel","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sedrakyan, S., Villani, V., Da Sacco, S., Tripuraneni, N., Porta, S., Achena, A., Lavarreda-Pearce, M., Petrosyan, A., Soloyan, H., and Filippo, R.D. (2017). Amniotic fluid stem cell-derived vesicles protect from VEGF-induced endothelial damage. Sci. Rep., 7.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-17061-2"},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1626","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfn635","article-title":"Living donor kidney transplantation from relatives with mild urinary abnormalities in Alport syndrome: Long-term risk, benefit and outcome","volume":"24","author":"Gross","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nephrol. Dial. Transplant."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1007\/s00467-012-2138-4","article-title":"Clinical practice recommendations for the treatment of Alport syndrome: A statement of the Alport Syndrome Research Collaborative","volume":"28","author":"Kashtan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pediatr. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xkme.2019.06.007","article-title":"Glomerular Basement Membrane Protein Expression and the Diagnosis and Prognosis of Autosomal Dominant Alport Syndrome","volume":"1","author":"Akihisa","year":"2019","journal-title":"Kidney Med."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.4274\/gulhane.galenos.2023.41713","article-title":"Preeclampsia severity and associated factors in Kelantan, Malaysia","volume":"66","author":"Abdullah","year":"2024","journal-title":"Gulhane Med. J."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1240","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-1755.1998.00097.x","article-title":"Nature of glomerular dysfunction in pre-eclampsia","volume":"54","author":"Lafayette","year":"1998","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2360","DOI":"10.1111\/ajt.17122","article-title":"Pregnancy after living kidney donation, a systematic review of the available evidence, and a review of the current guidance","volume":"22","author":"Pippias","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am. J. Transplant."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e158346","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI158346","article-title":"Impaired renal reserve contributes to preeclampsia via the kynurenine and soluble fms\u2013like tyrosine kinase 1 pathway","volume":"132","author":"Dupont","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rajendran, P., Rengarajan, T., Thangavel, J., Nishigaki, Y., Sakthisekaran, D., Sethi, G., and Nishigaki, I. (2013). The vascular endothelium and human diseases. Int. J. Biol. Sci., 9.","DOI":"10.7150\/ijbs.7502"},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-bioeng-072623-044010","article-title":"Kidney Disease Modeling with Organoids and Organs-on-Chips","volume":"26","author":"Musah","year":"2024","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rederer, A., Rose, V., Kr\u00fcger, R., Schmittutz, L., Swierzy, I., Fischer, L., Thievessen, I., Bauer, J., Friedrich, O., and Schiffer, M. (2023). Partner, Neighbor, Housekeeper and Dimension: 3D versus 2D Glomerular Co-Cultures Reveal Drawbacks of Currently Used Cell Culture Models. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms241210384"},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Maggiore, J.C., LeGraw, R., Przepiorski, A., Velazquez, J., Chaney, C., Streeter, E., Silva-Barbosa, A., Franks, J., Hislop, J., and Hill, A. (2023). Genetically engineering endothelial niche in human kidney organoids enables multilineage maturation, vascularization and de novo cell types. bioRxiv.","DOI":"10.1101\/2023.05.30.542848"},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16892","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M116.730309","article-title":"Constitutive endocytosis of VEGFR2 protects the receptor against shedding","volume":"291","author":"Basagiannis","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, X., Bove, A.M., Simone, G., and Ma, B. (2020). Molecular bases of VEGFR-2-mediated physiological function and pathological role. Front. Cell Dev. Biol., 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2020.599281"},{"key":"ref_119","first-page":"61","article-title":"The locally activated renin-angiotensin system is involved in albumin permeability in glomerular endothelial cells under high glucose conditions","volume":"32","author":"Paeng","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nephrol. Dial. Transplant."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1633","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ki.5000277","article-title":"Conditionally immortalized human glomerular endothelial cells expressing fenestrations in response to VEGF","volume":"69","author":"Satchell","year":"2006","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1089\/hgtb.2012.197","article-title":"Induction of aberrant vascular growth, but not of normal angiogenesis, by cell-based expression of different doses of human and mouse VEGF is species-dependent","volume":"24","author":"Mujagic","year":"2013","journal-title":"Hum. Gene Ther. Methods"},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eadn2689","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.adn2689","article-title":"An ultrathin membrane mediates tissue-specific morphogenesis and barrier function in a human kidney chip","volume":"10","author":"Mou","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"894","DOI":"10.4252\/wjsc.v13.i7.894","article-title":"Effects of shear stress on differentiation of stem cells into endothelial cells","volume":"13","author":"Huang","year":"2021","journal-title":"World J. Stem Cells"},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"F733","DOI":"10.1152\/ajprenal.00458.2010","article-title":"Acute laminar shear stress reversibly increases human glomerular endothelial cell permeability via activation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase","volume":"301","author":"Bevan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol.-Ren. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kawasaki, Y., Hosoyamada, Y., Miyaki, T., Yamaguchi, J., Kakuta, S., Sakai, T., and Ichimura, K. (2021). Three-dimensional architecture of glomerular endothelial cells revealed by FIB-SEM tomography. Front. Cell Dev. Biol., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2021.653472"},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12636","DOI":"10.14814\/phy2.12636","article-title":"TNF causes changes in glomerular endothelial permeability and morphology through a Rho and myosin light chain kinase-dependent mechanism","volume":"3","author":"Xu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Physiol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.2013.286","article-title":"TNF-mediated damage to glomerular endothelium is an important determinant of acute kidney injury in sepsis","volume":"85","author":"Xu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"F41","DOI":"10.1152\/ajprenal.00069.2020","article-title":"Open microfluidic coculture reveals paracrine signaling from human kidney epithelial cells promotes kidney specificity of endothelial cells","volume":"319","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. -Ren. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2303131","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202303131","article-title":"Physiological replication of the human glomerulus using a triple culture microphysiological system","volume":"10","author":"Pajoumshariati","year":"2023","journal-title":"Adv. Sci."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2861","DOI":"10.1021\/acsbiomaterials.1c00831","article-title":"Beyond PDMS and membranes: New materials for organ-on-a-chip devices","volume":"7","author":"Radisic","year":"2021","journal-title":"ACS Biomater. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1021\/acsbiomaterials.1c00986","article-title":"Cyclosporine induces fenestra-associated injury in human renal microvessels in vitro","volume":"8","author":"Nagao","year":"2021","journal-title":"ACS Biomater. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wattanapanitch, M., Chailangkarn, T., Miranda, H.C., and Muotri, A.R. (2023). Advances in iPSC technology for disease modeling and therapeutic applications. Front. Cell Dev. Biol., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2023.1261279"},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1089\/ten.tea.2023.0236","article-title":"Induction of Fenestrae in hiPSC-Derived Endothelial Cells for Disease Modeling","volume":"30","author":"Meijer","year":"2023","journal-title":"Tissue Eng. Part. A"},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ciampi, O., Bonandrini, B., Derosas, M., Conti, S., Rizzo, P., Benedetti, V., Figliuzzi, M., Remuzzi, A., Benigni, A., and Remuzzi, G. (2019). Engineering the vasculature of decellularized rat kidney scaffolds using human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived endothelial cells. Sci. Rep., 9.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-44393-y"},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"751","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stemcr.2018.01.041","article-title":"Renal subcapsular transplantation of PSC-derived kidney organoids induces neo-vasculogenesis and significant glomerular and tubular maturation in vivo","volume":"10","author":"Ritsma","year":"2018","journal-title":"Stem Cell Rep."},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.ctdb.2015.10.010","article-title":"Development of the mammalian kidney","volume":"117","author":"McMahon","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr. Top. Dev. Biol."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wu, T.-C., Chang, C.-C., Leu, H.-B., Huang, P.-H., Lin, S.-J., and Chen, J.-W. (2019). Phorbol ester-induced angiogenesis of endothelial progenitor cells: The role of NADPH oxidase-mediated, redox-related matrix metalloproteinase pathways. PLoS ONE, 14.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0209426"},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"dmm050113","DOI":"10.1242\/dmm.050113","article-title":"A systematic review of kidney-on-a-chip-based models to study human renal (patho-) physiology","volume":"16","author":"Nguyen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Dis. Models Mech."},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2017.11.010","article-title":"A nephron model for study of drug-induced acute kidney injury and assessment of drug-induced nephrotoxicity","volume":"155","author":"Qu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, S.Y., and Mahler, G.J. (2021). Modelling renal filtration and reabsorption processes in a human glomerulus and proximal tubule microphysiological system. Micromachines, 12.","DOI":"10.22541\/au.161762817.75993814\/v1"},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1186\/s40580-021-00285-4","article-title":"Effect of biochemical and biomechanical factors on vascularization of kidney organoid-on-a-chip","volume":"8","author":"Lee","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nano Converg."},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1038\/s41592-019-0325-y","article-title":"Flow-enhanced vascularization and maturation of kidney organoids in vitro","volume":"16","author":"Homan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Methods"},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12763","DOI":"10.1111\/cpr.12763","article-title":"Crosstalk between tubular epithelial cells and glomerular endothelial cells in diabetic kidney disease","volume":"53","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Prolif."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/25\/16\/9107\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T15:41:07Z","timestamp":1760110867000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/25\/16\/9107"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,22]]},"references-count":143,"journal-issue":{"issue":"16","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms25169107"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms25169107","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,22]]}}}