{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]],"date-time":"2026-08-21T12:35:47Z","timestamp":1787315747549,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":124,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,23]],"date-time":"2024-08-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1724371200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Biomedical Laboratory Research &amp; Development Service of Veterans Affairs Office of Research and Development","award":["I01 BX002137"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["I01 BX002137"]}]},{"name":"Biomedical Laboratory Research &amp; Development Service of Veterans Affairs Office of Research and Development","award":["1R01HL164415"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1R01HL164415"]}]},{"name":"Biomedical Laboratory Research &amp; Development Service of Veterans Affairs Office of Research and Development","award":["W81XWH-21-1-0424"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["W81XWH-21-1-0424"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000050","name":"National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["I01 BX002137"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["I01 BX002137"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000050","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000050","name":"National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1R01HL164415"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1R01HL164415"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000050","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000050","name":"National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["W81XWH-21-1-0424"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["W81XWH-21-1-0424"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000050","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"US Department of Defense","award":["I01 BX002137"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["I01 BX002137"]}]},{"name":"US Department of Defense","award":["1R01HL164415"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1R01HL164415"]}]},{"name":"US Department of Defense","award":["W81XWH-21-1-0424"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["W81XWH-21-1-0424"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes (hiPSC-CMs) are widely used for disease modeling and pharmacological screening. However, their application has mainly focused on inherited cardiopathies affecting ventricular cardiomyocytes, leading to extensive knowledge on generating ventricular-like hiPSC-CMs. Electronic pacemakers, despite their utility, have significant disadvantages, including lack of hormonal responsiveness, infection risk, limited battery life, and inability to adapt to changes in heart size. Therefore, developing an in vitro multiscale model of the human sinoatrial node (SAN) pacemaker using hiPSC-CM and SAN-like cardiomyocyte differentiation protocols is essential. This would enhance the understanding of SAN-related pathologies and support targeted therapies. Generating SAN-like cardiomyocytes offers the potential for biological pacemakers and specialized conduction tissues, promising significant benefits for patients with conduction system defects. This review focuses on arrythmias related to pacemaker dysfunction, examining protocols\u2019 advantages and drawbacks for generating SAN-like cardiomyocytes from hESCs\/hiPSCs, and discussing therapeutic approaches involving their engraftment in animal models.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25179155","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,26]],"date-time":"2024-08-26T05:16:24Z","timestamp":1724649384000},"page":"9155","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Differentiation of Sinoatrial-like Cardiomyocytes as a Biological Pacemaker Model"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1550-8945","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yvonne","family":"Sleiman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiovascular Research Program, VA New York Harbor Healthcare System, New York, NY 11209, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jean-Baptiste","family":"Reisqs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiovascular Research Program, VA New York Harbor Healthcare System, New York, NY 11209, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohamed","family":"Boutjdir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiovascular Research Program, VA New York Harbor Healthcare System, New York, NY 11209, USA"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, Cell Biology and Pharmacology, State University of New York Downstate Health Sciences University, New York, NY 11203, USA"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.5334\/gh.1288","article-title":"The Heart of the World","volume":"19","author":"Perel","year":"2024","journal-title":"Glob. 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