{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,6]],"date-time":"2026-09-06T18:47:08Z","timestamp":1788720428445,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":301,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,26]],"date-time":"2024-08-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1724630400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Horizon\u2014the Framework Programme for Research and Innovation (2022\u20132027)","award":["101119427"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["101119427"]}]},{"name":"Horizon\u2014the Framework Programme for Research and Innovation (2022\u20132027)","award":["EP\/Y030818\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EP\/Y030818\/1"]}]},{"name":"UK Research and Innovation (UKRI)","award":["101119427"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["101119427"]}]},{"name":"UK Research and Innovation (UKRI)","award":["EP\/Y030818\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EP\/Y030818\/1"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The nuclear hormone family of receptors regulates gene expression. The androgen receptor (AR), upon ligand binding and homodimerization, shuttles from the cytosol into the nucleus to activate gene expression. Thyroid hormone receptors (TRs), retinoic acid receptors (RARs), and the vitamin D receptor (VDR) are present in the nucleus bound to chromatin as a heterodimer with the retinoid X receptors (RXRs) and repress gene expression. Ligand binding leads to transcription activation. The hormonal ligands for these receptors play crucial roles to ensure the proper conduct of very many tissues and exert effects on prostate cancer (PCa) cells. Androgens support PCa proliferation and androgen deprivation alone or with chemotherapy is the standard therapy for PCa. RAR\u03b3 activation and 3,5,3\u2032-triiodo-L-thyronine (T3) stimulation of TR\u03b2 support the growth of PCa cells. Ligand stimulation of VDR drives growth arrest, differentiation, and apoptosis of PCa cells. Often these receptors are explored as separate avenues to find treatments for PCa and other cancers. However, there is accumulating evidence to support receptor interactions and crosstalk of regulatory events whereby a better understanding might lead to new combinatorial treatments.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25179245","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,26]],"date-time":"2024-08-26T07:53:37Z","timestamp":1724658817000},"page":"9245","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Targeting Androgen, Thyroid Hormone, and Vitamin A and D Receptors to Treat Prostate Cancer"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9126-003X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Brigitte","family":"Hantusch","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Department for Experimental and Laboratory Animal Pathology, Medical University of Vienna, 1010 Vienna, Austria"},{"name":"Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2184-1338","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lukas","family":"Kenner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Department for Experimental and Laboratory Animal Pathology, Medical University of Vienna, 1010 Vienna, Austria"},{"name":"Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria"},{"name":"Unit of Laboratory Animal Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria"},{"name":"Department of Molecular Biology, Ume\u00e5 University, 901 87 Ume\u00e5, Sweden"},{"name":"Christian Doppler Laboratory for Applied Metabolomics, Medical University Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria"},{"name":"Center for Biomarker Research in Medicine (CBmed), 8010 Graz, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vesna S.","family":"Stanulovi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maarten","family":"Hoogenkamp","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0821-0275","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Geoffrey","family":"Brown","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Clinical Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"293","article-title":"Studies on Prostatic Cancer I. 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