{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T04:49:06Z","timestamp":1787028546924,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":85,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,28]],"date-time":"2024-08-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1724803200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100016928","name":"E022 Program of the Instituto Nacional de Pediatr\u00eda","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2022\/048"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022\/048"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100016928","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Epilepsy is a disorder characterized by a predisposition to generate seizures. Levetiracetam (LEV) is an antiseizure drug that has demonstrated oxidant\u2013antioxidant effects during the early stages of epilepsy in several animal models. However, the effect of LEV on oxidant\u2013antioxidant activity during long-term epilepsy has not been studied. Therefore, the objective of the present study was to determine the effects of LEV on the concentrations of five antioxidant enzymes and on the levels of four oxidant stress markers in the hippocampus of rats with temporal lobe epilepsy at 5.7 months after status epilepticus (SE). The results revealed that superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity was significantly greater in the epileptic group (EPI) than in the control (CTRL), CTRL + LEV and EPI + LEV groups. No significant differences were found among the groups\u2019 oxidant markers. However, the ratios of SOD\/hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), SOD\/glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and SOD\/GPx + catalase (CAT) were greater in the EPI group than in the CTRL and EPI + LEV groups. Additionally, there was a positive correlation between SOD activity and GPx activity in the EPI + LEV group. LEV-mediated modulation of the antioxidant system appears to be time dependent; at 5.7 months after SE, the role of LEV may be as a stabilizer of the redox state.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25179313","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,28]],"date-time":"2024-08-28T03:57:06Z","timestamp":1724817426000},"page":"9313","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Effect of Levetiracetam on Oxidant\u2013Antioxidant Activity during Long-Term Temporal Lobe Epilepsy in Rats"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3792-4613","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Iv\u00e1n","family":"Ignacio-Mej\u00eda","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Medicina Traslacional, Escuela Militar de Graduados de Sanidad, UDEFA, Mexico City 11200, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Itzel Jatziri","family":"Contreras-Garc\u00eda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Medicina Traslacional, Escuela Militar de Graduados de Sanidad, UDEFA, Mexico City 11200, Mexico"},{"name":"Laboratorio de Biolog\u00eda de la Reproducci\u00f3n, Instituto Nacional de Pediatr\u00eda, Secretar\u00eda de Salud, Mexico City 04530, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luz Adriana","family":"Pichardo-Mac\u00edas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Fisiolog\u00eda, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biol\u00f3gicas, Mexico City 07738, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mercedes Edna","family":"Garc\u00eda-Cruz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Neurociencias, Instituto Nacional de Pediatr\u00eda, Secretar\u00eda de Salud, Mexico City 04530, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Blanca Alcira","family":"Ram\u00edrez Mendiola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Farmacolog\u00eda, Instituto Nacional de Pediatr\u00eda, Secretar\u00eda de Salud, Mexico City 04530, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7414-2621","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cindy","family":"Bandala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Neurociencia Traslacional Enfermedades Cr\u00f3nicas y Emergentes, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional, Mexico City 11410, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8264-0412","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Omar Noel","family":"Medina-Campos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Biolog\u00eda, Facultad de Qu\u00edmica, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico, Mexico City 04510, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6628-4411","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9","family":"Pedraza-Chaverri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Biolog\u00eda, Facultad de Qu\u00edmica, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico, Mexico City 04510, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6580-3440","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Noem\u00ed","family":"C\u00e1rdenas-Rodr\u00edguez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Neurociencias, Instituto Nacional de Pediatr\u00eda, Secretar\u00eda de Salud, Mexico City 04530, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0702-5318","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Julieta Griselda","family":"Mendoza-Torreblanca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Neurociencias, Instituto Nacional de Pediatr\u00eda, Secretar\u00eda de Salud, Mexico City 04530, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.12550","article-title":"ILAE official report: A practical clinical definition of epilepsy","volume":"55","author":"Fisher","year":"2014","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"1","article-title":"Temporal lobe epilepsy. 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