{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:22:16Z","timestamp":1760145736050,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":79,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,28]],"date-time":"2024-08-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1724803200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"German Federal Ministry of Education and Research","award":["01KG1104","GR1852\/6-1","2013 FE 9075","2020\/21 DD 0290-20"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["01KG1104","GR1852\/6-1","2013 FE 9075","2020\/21 DD 0290-20"]}]},{"name":"DFG","award":["01KG1104","GR1852\/6-1","2013 FE 9075","2020\/21 DD 0290-20"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["01KG1104","GR1852\/6-1","2013 FE 9075","2020\/21 DD 0290-20"]}]},{"name":"EFRE-fund Grant\/Award","award":["01KG1104","GR1852\/6-1","2013 FE 9075","2020\/21 DD 0290-20"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["01KG1104","GR1852\/6-1","2013 FE 9075","2020\/21 DD 0290-20"]}]},{"name":"XLifeSciences (X-Kidneys)","award":["01KG1104","GR1852\/6-1","2013 FE 9075","2020\/21 DD 0290-20"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["01KG1104","GR1852\/6-1","2013 FE 9075","2020\/21 DD 0290-20"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Glomerular kidney diseases typically begin insidiously and can progress to end stage kidney failure. Early onset of therapy can slow down disease progression. Early diagnosis is required to ensure such timely therapy. The goal of our study was to evaluate protein biomarkers (BMs) for common nephropathies that have been described for children with Alport syndrome. Nineteen candidate BMs were determined by commercial ELISA in children with congenital anomalies of the kidneys and urogenital tract, inflammatory kidney injury, or diabetes mellitus. It is particularly essential to search for kidney disease BMs in children because they are a crucial target group that likely exhibits early disease stages and in which misleading diseases unrelated to the kidney are rare. Only minor differences in blood between affected individuals and controls were found. However, in urine, several biomarker candidates alone or in combination seemed to be promising indicators of renal injury in early disease stages. The BMs of highest sensitivity and specificity were collagen type XIII, hyaluronan-binding protein 2, and complement C4-binding protein. These proteins are unrelated to inflammation markers or to risk factors for and signs of renal failure. In conclusion, our study evaluated several strong candidates for screening for early stages of kidney diseases and can help to establish early nephroprotective regimens.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25179320","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,28]],"date-time":"2024-08-28T05:34:49Z","timestamp":1724823289000},"page":"9320","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Preclinical Detection of Early Glomerular Injury in Children with Kidney Diseases\u2014Independently of Usual Markers of Kidney Impairment and Inflammation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Heidrun","family":"Rhode","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Jena University Hospital, Institute of Biochemistry I, Nonnenplan 2-4, 07743 Jena, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Baerbel","family":"Tautkus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jena University Hospital, Institute of Biochemistry I, Nonnenplan 2-4, 07743 Jena, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Friederike","family":"Weigel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jena University Hospital, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Am Klinikum 1, 07747 Jena, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Julia","family":"Schitke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jena University Hospital, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Am Klinikum 1, 07747 Jena, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Oliver","family":"Metzing","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jena University Hospital, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Am Klinikum 1, 07747 Jena, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-2021-9255","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jan","family":"Boeckhaus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinics for Nephrology and Rheumatology, University Medical Center G\u00f6ttingen, Robert-Koch-Str. 40, 37075 G\u00f6ttingen, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wieland","family":"Kiess","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hospital for Children and Adolescents, University of Leipzig, Liebigstr. 20a, 04103 Leipzig, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8390-8852","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Oliver","family":"Gross","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinics for Nephrology and Rheumatology, University Medical Center G\u00f6ttingen, Robert-Koch-Str. 40, 37075 G\u00f6ttingen, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2994-6513","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Axel","family":"Dost","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jena University Hospital, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Am Klinikum 1, 07747 Jena, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ulrike","family":"John-Kroegel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jena University Hospital, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Am Klinikum 1, 07747 Jena, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-13-8871-2_1","article-title":"Prevalence and Disease Burden of Chronic Kidney Disease","volume":"1165","author":"Lv","year":"2019","journal-title":"Adv. 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