{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,7]],"date-time":"2026-04-07T15:23:11Z","timestamp":1775575391218,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":167,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,28]],"date-time":"2024-08-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1724803200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004606","name":"Chang Gung Memorial Hospital","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CMRPD8L1121"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CMRPD8L1121"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004606","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004606","name":"Chang Gung Memorial Hospital","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CMRPD8L1122"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CMRPD8L1122"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004606","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004606","name":"Chang Gung Memorial Hospital","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CMRPG8N0331"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CMRPG8N0331"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004606","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004606","name":"Chang Gung Memorial Hospital","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CMRPG8N0332"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CMRPG8N0332"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004606","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Since the first published report of experimental kidney transplantation in dogs in 1902, there were many experimental and clinical trials of organ transplantation, with many sacrifices. After the establishment of the surgical technique and the discovery of immunosuppressive drugs, transplantation became the definitive treatment strategy for patients with terminal organ failure. However, this is not a common therapy method due to the difficulty of solving the fundamental issues behind organ transplantation, including the shortage of donor graft, potential risks of transplant surgery and economic capability. The pre- and post-transplant management of recipients is another critical issue that may affect transplant outcome. Most liver transplant recipients experience post-transplant complications, including infection, acute\/chronic rejection, metabolic syndrome and the recurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma. Therefore, the early prediction and diagnosis of these complications may improve overall and disease-free survival. Furthermore, how to induce operational tolerance is the key to achieving the ultimate goal of transplantation. In this review, we focus on liver transplantation, which is known to achieve operational tolerance in some circumstances, and the mechanical similarities and differences between liver transplant immunology and fetomaternal tolerance, autoimmunity or tumor immunity are discussed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25179331","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,28]],"date-time":"2024-08-28T07:52:08Z","timestamp":1724831528000},"page":"9331","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Mechanisms of Tolerance Induction in Liver Transplantation: Lessons Learned from Fetomaternal Tolerance, Autoimmunity and Tumor Immunity"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3701-3449","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Toshiaki","family":"Nakano","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan"},{"name":"Liver Transplantation Center and Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shigeru","family":"Goto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Liver Transplantation Center and Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan"},{"name":"Nobeoka Medical Check Center, Fukuoka Institution of Occupational Health, Nobeoka 882-0872, Japan"},{"name":"School of Pharmacy, Shujitsu University, Okayama 703-8516, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chao-Long","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Liver Transplantation Center and Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1159\/000013474","article-title":"A note on the early history of renal transplantation: Emerich (Imre) Ullmann","volume":"19","author":"Nagy","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am. 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