{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:22:38Z","timestamp":1760145758803,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,29]],"date-time":"2024-08-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1724889600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Western Sydney University and Australian Dairy Park Pty Ltd."}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Milk boasts an array of potent bioactive compounds, such as lactoferrin (Lf), immunoglobulins, and functional proteins, all delivering substantial therapeutic benefits. In this study, Immune Powder (a functional dairy formulation) and its primary component called Fractionated Milk Protein (FMP) containing Lf, zinc, and immunoglobulins and formulated by Ausnutria Pty Ltd. were evaluated for their potential broad-spectrum pharmacological activity. In particular, this study investigated the antibacterial (against pathogenic Escherichia coli), prebiotic (promoting Lactobacillus delbrueckii growth), anti-inflammatory (inhibition of NO production in RAW264.7 macrophages), and antiviral (against human coronavirus 229E) effects of the samples. In addition, the impact of simulated gastric digestion on the efficacy of the samples was explored. LCMS-based proteomics was implemented to unveil cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying antiviral activity. The Immune Powder demonstrated antibacterial activity against E. coli (up to 99.74 \u00b1 11.47% inhibition), coupled with prebiotic action (10.84 \u00b1 2.2 viability fold-change), albeit these activities diminished post-digestion (p &lt; 0.01). The Immune Powder effectively mitigated NO production in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated RAW264.7 macrophages, with declining efficacy post-digestion (p &lt; 0.0001). The Immune Powder showed similar antiviral activity before and after digestion (p &gt; 0.05) with up to 3-fold improvement. Likewise, FMP exhibited antibacterial potency pre-digestion at high concentrations (95.56 \u00b1 1.23% inhibition at 125 mg\/mL) and post-digestion at lower doses (61.82 \u00b1 5.58% inhibition at 3906.25 \u00b5g\/mL). FMP also showed enhanced prebiotic activity post-digestion (p &lt; 0.0001), NO inhibition pre-digestion, and significant antiviral activity. The proteomics study suggested that the formulation and its primary component shared similar antiviral mechanisms by inhibiting scavenger receptor binding and extracellular matrix interaction.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25179353","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,29]],"date-time":"2024-08-29T03:40:39Z","timestamp":1724902839000},"page":"9353","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Impact of a Functional Dairy Powder and Its Primary Component on the Growth of Pathogenic and Probiotic Gut Bacteria and Human Coronavirus 229E"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Vu Bao","family":"Dang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"NICM Health Research Institute, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9337-2441","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Muhammad A.","family":"Alsherbiny","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo 11562, Egypt"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ruohui","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Australian Dairy Park Pty Ltd., 120 Frankston Gardens Drive, Carrum Downs, VIC 3201, Australia"},{"name":"Ausnutria Pty Ltd., 25-27 Keysborough Avenue, Keysborough, VIC 3173, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yumei","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ausnutria Pty Ltd., 25-27 Keysborough Avenue, Keysborough, VIC 3173, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7789-2209","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chunguang","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NICM Health Research Institute, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9736-0197","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Deep Jyoti","family":"Bhuyan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NICM Health Research Institute, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia"},{"name":"School of Science, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Romero-Brey, I., and Bartenschlager, R. 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