{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,29]],"date-time":"2026-01-29T23:46:34Z","timestamp":1769730394182,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,29]],"date-time":"2024-08-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1724889600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2022R1F1A1074842"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022R1F1A1074842"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In Sj\u00f6gren\u2019s disease (SjD), the salivary glandular epithelial cells can induce the chemotaxis of B cells by secreting B-cell chemokines such as C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 13 (CXCL13). Syndecan-1 (SDC-1) is a major transmembrane heparan sulfate proteoglycan (HSPG) predominantly expressed on epithelial cells that binds to and regulates heparan sulfate (HS)-binding molecules, including chemokines. We aimed to determine whether SDC-1 plays a role in the pathogenesis of SjD by acting on the binding of HS to B-cell chemokines. To assess changes in glandular inflammation and SDC-1 concentrations in the submandibular gland (SMG) and blood, female NOD\/ShiLtJ and sex- and age-matched C57BL\/10 mice were used. In the SMG of NOD\/ShiLtJ mice, inflammatory responses were identified at 8 weeks of age, but increased SDC-1 concentrations in the SMG and blood were observed at 6 weeks of age, when inflammation had not yet started. As the inflammation of the SMG worsened, the SDC-1 concentrations in the SMG and blood increased. The expression of the CXCL13 and its receptor C-X-C chemokine receptor type 5 (CXCR5) began to increase in the SMG at 6 weeks of age and continued until 12 weeks of age. Immunofluorescence staining in SMG tissue and normal murine mammary gland cells confirmed the co-localization of SDC-1 and CXCL13, and SDC-1 formed a complex with CXCL13 in an immunoprecipitation assay. Furthermore, NOD\/ShiLtJ mice were treated with 5 mg\/kg HS intraperitoneally thrice per week for 6\u201310 weeks of age, and the therapeutic effects in the SMG were assessed at the end of 10 weeks of age. NOD\/ShiLtJ mice treated with HS showed attenuated salivary gland inflammation with reduced B-cell infiltration, germinal center formation and CXCR5 expression. These findings suggest that SDC-1 plays a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of SjD by binding to CXCL13 through the HS chain.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25179375","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,29]],"date-time":"2024-08-29T11:12:13Z","timestamp":1724929933000},"page":"9375","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Syndecan-1 Plays a Role in the Pathogenesis of Sj\u00f6gren\u2019s Disease by Inducing B-Cell Chemotaxis through CXCL13\u2013Heparan Sulfate Interaction"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3381-1382","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nan Young","family":"Lee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Pathology, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41405, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hirut Yadeta","family":"Ture","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41405, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eun Ju","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for Arthritis and Bone Biology, Fatima Research Institute, Daegu Fatima Hospital, Daegu 41199, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ji Ae","family":"Jang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for Arthritis and Bone Biology, Fatima Research Institute, Daegu Fatima Hospital, Daegu 41199, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gunwoo","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for Arthritis and Bone Biology, Fatima Research Institute, Daegu Fatima Hospital, Daegu 41199, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2671-6392","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eon Jeong","family":"Nam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41405, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clim.2017.03.007","article-title":"Insight into pathogenesis of Sjogren\u2019s syndrome: Dissection on autoimmune infiltrates and epithelial cells","volume":"182","author":"Goules","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. 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