{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,29]],"date-time":"2026-08-29T01:55:15Z","timestamp":1787968515722,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":89,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,29]],"date-time":"2024-08-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1724889600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"departmental intramural funds","award":["1MG\/N\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1MG\/N\/2020"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Due to the genetic diversity between the mother and the fetus, heightened control over the immune system during pregnancy is crucial. Immunological parameters determined by clinicians in women with idiopathic recurrent spontaneous abortion (RSA) include the quantity and activity of Natural Killer (NK) and Natural Killer T (NKT) cells, the quantity of regulatory T lymphocytes, and the ratio of pro-inflammatory cytokines, which indicate imbalances in Th1 and Th2 cell response. The processes are controlled by immune checkpoint proteins (ICPs) expressed on the surface of immune cells. We aim to investigate differences in the expression of ICPs on T cells, T regulatory lymphocytes, NK cells, and NKT cells in peripheral blood samples collected from RSA women, pregnant women, and healthy multiparous women. We aim to discover new insights into the role of ICPs involved in recurrent pregnancy loss. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were isolated by gradient centrifugation from blood samples obtained from 10 multiparous women, 20 pregnant women (11\u201314th week of pregnancy), and 20 RSA women, at maximum of 72 h after miscarriage. The PBMCs were stained for flow cytometry analysis. Standard flow cytometry immunophenotyping of PBMCs was performed using antibodies against classical lymphocyte markers, including CD3, CD4, CD8, CD56, CD25, and CD127. Additionally, ICPs were investigated using antibodies against Programmed Death Protein-1 (PD-1, CD279), T cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain-containing protein 3 (TIM-3, CD366), V-domain Ig suppressor of T cell activation (VISTA), T cell immunoglobulin and ITIM domain (TIGIT), and Lymphocyte activation gene 3 (LAG-3). We observed differences in the surface expression of ICPs in the analyzed subpopulations of lymphocytes between early pregnancy and RSA, after miscarriage, and in women. We noted diminished expression of PD-1 on T lymphocytes (p = 0.0046), T helper cells (CD3CD4 positive cells, p = 0.0165), T cytotoxic cells (CD3CD8 positive cells, p = 0.0046), T regulatory lymphocytes (CD3CD4CD25CD127 low positive cells, p = 0.0106), and NKT cells (CD3CD56\/CD16 positive cells, p = 0.0438), as well as LAG-3 on lymphocytes T (p = 0.0225) T helper, p = 0.0426), T cytotoxic cells (p = 0.0458) and Treg (p = 0.0293), and cells from RSA women. Impaired expression of TIM-3 (p = 0.0226) and VISTA (p = 0.0039) on CD8 cytotoxic T and NK (TIM3 p = 0.0482; VISTA p = 0.0118) cells was shown, with an accompanying increased expression of TIGIT (p = 0.0211) on NKT cells. The changes in the expression of surface immune checkpoints indicate their involvement in the regulation of pregnancy. The data might be utilized to develop specific therapies for RSA women based on the modulation of ICP expression.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25179378","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,29]],"date-time":"2024-08-29T11:12:13Z","timestamp":1724929933000},"page":"9378","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Surface Immune Checkpoints as Potential Biomarkers in Physiological Pregnancy and Recurrent Pregnancy Loss"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7539-5743","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Micha\u0142","family":"Zych","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Immunology, Medical University of Warsaw, Nowogrodzka 59, 02-006 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Monika","family":"Kniotek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Immunology, Medical University of Warsaw, Nowogrodzka 59, 02-006 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aleksander","family":"Roszczyk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Immunology, Medical University of Warsaw, Nowogrodzka 59, 02-006 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8557-4091","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Filip","family":"D\u0105browski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gynecology and Gynecological Oncology, Medical Centre of Postgraduate Medical Education, CMKP, Marymoncka 99\/103, 01-813 Warsaw, Poland"},{"name":"Club35, Polish Society of Obstetricians and Gynecologists PTGiP, Cybernetyki7F\/87, 02-677 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert","family":"J\u0119dra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gynecology and Gynecological Oncology, Medical Centre of Postgraduate Medical Education, CMKP, Marymoncka 99\/103, 01-813 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7957-2372","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rados\u0142aw","family":"Zago\u017cd\u017con","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Cellular and Genetic Therapies, Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha 1B, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Meggyes, M., Miko, E., Szigeti, B., Farkas, N., and Szereday, L. 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